ADVAXIS, INC.  

 

109,482,917 Shares

 

Common Stock  

 

This is a resale prospectus for the resale of up to 109,482,917 shares of our common stock, including 50,254,583 shares of our common stock issuable upon the exercise of warrants, by the selling stockholders listed in this prospectus. These shares may be sold by the selling stockholders from time to time in the over-the-counter market or other national securities exchange or automated interdealer quotation system on which our common stock is then listed or quoted, through negotiated transactions at negotiated prices or otherwise at market prices prevailing at the time of sale.

 

Pursuant to registration rights granted by us to the selling stockholders, we are obligated to register the shares held or to be acquired upon exercise of warrants by these selling stockholders. The distribution of the shares by the selling stockholders is not subject to any underwriting agreement. We will receive none of the proceeds from the sale of the shares by the selling stockholders, except cash exercise prices upon exercise of the warrants, subject to certain of the warrants being exercised under a ‘‘cashless exercise’’ right. We will bear all expenses of registration incurred in connection with this offering, but all selling and other expenses incurred by the selling stockholders will be borne by them.

 

Our common stock is quoted on the Over-The-Counter Bulletin Board (OTC:BB) under the symbol ADXS.OB. The high and low prices for shares of our common stock on January 14, 2008, were $0.16 and $0.15 per share, respectively, based upon bids that represent prices quoted by broker-dealers on the OTC Bulletin Board. These quotations reflect inter-dealer prices, without retail mark-up, mark-down or commissions, and may not represent actual transactions.

 

The selling stockholders may be deemed, and any broker-dealer executing sell orders on behalf of the selling stockholders will be considered, to be ‘‘underwriters’’ within the meaning of the Securities Act of 1933, and any commissions or discounts given to any such broker-dealer may be deemed to be underwriting commissions or discounts under the Securities Act of 1933. The selling stockholders have informed us that they do not have any agreement or understanding, directly or indirectly, with any person to distribute their common stock.

 

Brokers or dealers effecting transactions in the shares should confirm registration of these securities under the securities laws of the states in which transactions occur or the existence of an exemption from registration.

 

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. We urge you to carefully consider the ‘‘Risk Factors’’ beginning on page 3.

 

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of the prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

 

The date of this prospectus is _________________, 2008.

 

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

PROSPECTUS SUMMARY	1
THE OFFERING	3
RISK FACTORS	3
SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS	14
USE OF PROCEEDS	15
SELLING STOCKHOLDERS	15
PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION	18
DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK OF THE COMPANY	19
SHARES OF THE COMPANY ELIGIBLE FOR FUTURE SALE	20
MANAGEMENT	22
STOCK OWNERSHIP	23
CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS	26
DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS	27
MARKET FOR OUR COMMON STOCK AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS	46
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS	46
EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION	56
LEGAL PROCEEDINGS	62
INTERESTS OF NAMED EXPERTS AND COUNSEL	62
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION	62
INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS	F-1
PART II   - INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN PROSPECTUS	II-1
INDEMNIFICATION OF DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS	II-1
OTHER EXPENSES OF ISSUANCE AND DISTRIBUTION	II-1
RECENT SALES OF UNREGISTERED SECURITIES	II-1
EXHIBITS	II-4

 

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You should only rely on the information contained in this prospectus. We have not authorized anyone to give any information or make any representation about this offering that differs from, or adds to, the information in this prospectus or in its documents that are publicly filed with the SEC. Therefore, if anyone does give you different or additional information, you should not rely on it. The delivery of this prospectus does not mean that there have not been any changes in our condition since the date of this prospectus. If you are in a jurisdiction where it is unlawful to offer the securities offered by this prospectus, or if you are a person to whom it is unlawful to direct such activities, then the offer presented by this prospectus does not extend to you. This prospectus speaks only as of its date except where it indicates that another date applies.

 

PROSPECTUS SUMMARY

 

This summary highlights some information from this prospectus, and it may not contain all of the information that is important to you. You should read the following summary together with the more detailed information regarding our company and the common stock being sold in this offering, including “Risk Factors” and our financial statements and related notes, included elsewhere in this prospectus. In this prospectus, the terms “we”, “us”, and “our” refer to Advaxis, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiary, Advaxis, as appropriate in the context, and, unless the context otherwise requires, “common stock” refers to the common stock, par value $0.001 per share, of Advaxis, Inc.

 

General

 

We are a development stage biotechnology company with the intent to develop safe and effective therapeutic cancer immunotherapies and vaccines that utilize multiple mechanisms of immunity. We use the Listeria System licensed from the University of Pennsylvania (Penn) to secrete a protein sequence containing a tumor-specific antigen. Using the Listeria System, we believe we will force the body’s immune system to process and recognize the antigen as if it were foreign, creating the immune response needed to attack the cancer. We believe that the Listeria System is a broadly enabling platform technology that can be applied to many types of cancers. In addition, we believe there may be useful applications in infectious diseases and auto-immune disorders.

 

The therapeutic approach that comprises the Listeria System is based upon the innovative work of Yvonne Paterson, Ph.D., Professor of Microbiology at Penn, involving the creation of genetically engineered Listeria that stimulate the innate immune system and induce an antigen-specific immune response involving humoral and cellular components.

 

 

Product		Indication		Stage
Lovaxin C		Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), cervical cancer, head and neck cancer.		Phase I/II completed in the fiscal fourth quarter 2007. Phase II study in CIN anticipated to commence in 3rd quarter fiscal 2008. The Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) of the National Cancer Institute has agreed to conduct a cervical cancer study timing to be determined.
Lovaxin B		Breast cancer		Preclinical; Phase I study anticipated to commence in mid fiscal 2009
Lovaxin P		Prostate cancer		Preclinical; Phase I study anticipated to commence 2nd quarter fiscal 2009

 

Since our formation, we have had a history of losses that as of October 31, 2007 have aggregated $12,072,742 and because of the long development period for new drugs, we expect to continue to incur losses for an extended period of time. Our business plan to date has been realized by substantial outsourcing of virtually all major functions of drug development including scaling up for manufacturing, research and development, grant applications, clinical studies and others. The expenses of these outsourced services account for most of our accumulated loss. We cannot predict when, if ever, any of our product candidates will become commercially viable or FDA-approved. Even if one or more of our products receives United States Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, approval or becomes commercially viable we are not certain that we will ever become a profitable business.

 

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Strategy

 

During the next 12 to 24 months our strategic focus will be to achieve several objectives. The foremost of these objectives are as follows:

 

	·	Present our completed Phase I/II clinical study of Lovaxin C which document the practicability of using this agent safely in the therapeutic treatment of cervical cancer;
	·	Initiate our Investigational New Drug Application (IND) with the FDA for our Phase II clinical study of Lovaxin C in the therapeutic treatment of CIN;

 

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Initiate our Phase II clinical study of Lovaxin C in the therapeutic treatment of CIN;

 

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Continue the preclinical development work necessary to bring Lovaxin P into clinical trials, and initiate that trail;

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Continue the preclinical development work necessary to bring Lovaxin B into clinical trials, and initiate that trial;

 

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Continue the pre-clinical development of our product candidates, as well as continue research to expand and enhance our technology platform; and

 

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Initiate strategic and development collaborations with biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies.

 

History of the Company  

 

We were originally incorporated in the State of Colorado on June 5, 1987 under the name Great Expectations, Inc., administratively dissolved on January 1, 1997 and reinstated on June 18, 1998 under the name Great Expectations and Associates, Inc. In 1999, we became a reporting company under the Securities Exchange of 1934. Until November 2004, we did not have any material business operations. On November 12, 2004, we acquired Advaxis, Inc., a Delaware corporation, pursuant to a Share Exchange and Reorganization Agreement, dated as of August 25, 2004, by and among Advaxis, the stockholders of Advaxis and us. As a result, Advaxis became our wholly-owned subsidiary and our sole operating company. On December 23, 2004, we amended and restated our articles of incorporation and changed our name to Advaxis, Inc. On June 6, 2006 our shareholders approved the reincorporation of the company from the state of Colorado to the state of Delaware by merging the company into its wholly-owned subsidiary. Our principal executive offices are located at Technology Centre of New Jersey, 675 Route 1, Suite B113, North Brunswick, New Jersey 08902, and our telephone number is (732) 545-1590.

 

On July 28, 2005 we began trading on the Over-The-Counter Bulletin Board (OTC:BB) under the ticker symbol ADXS.

 

Recent Developments  

 

On October 17, 2007, pursuant to a Securities Purchase Agreement, we completed a private placement resulting in $7,384,235 in gross proceeds, pursuant to which we sold 49,228,334 shares of common stock at a purchase price of $0.15 per share solely to institutional and accredited investors. Each investor received a five-year warrant to purchase an amount of shares of common stock that equals 75% of the number of shares of common stock purchased by such investor in the offering at a price of $0.20 (the "$0.20 Warrants").

Concurrent with the closing of the private placement, the Company sold for $1,996,666 to CAMOFI Master LDC and CAMHZN Master LDC, affiliates of its financial advisor, Centrecourt Asset Management (“Centrecourt”), an aggregate of (i) 10,000,000 shares of Common Stock, (ii) 10,000,000 $0.20 Warrants, and (iii) 5-year warrants to purchase an additional 3,333,333 shares of Common Stock at a purchase price of $0.001 per share (the “$0.001 Warrants”). The Company and the two purchasers agreed that the purchasers would be bound by and entitled to the benefits of the Securities Purchase Agreement as if they had been signatories thereto. The $0.20 Warrants and $0.001 Warrants contain the same terms, except for the exercise price. Both warrants provide that they may not be exercised if, following the exercise, the holder will be deemed to be the beneficial owner of more than 9.99% of the Company’s outstanding shares of Common Stock. Pursuant to a consulting agreement dated August 1, 2007 with Centrecourt with respect to the anticipated financing, in which Centrecourt was engaged to act as Registrant’s financial advisor, Registrant paid Centrecourt $328,000 in cash and issued 2,483,333 $0.20 Warrants to Centrecourt, which Centrecourt assigned to the two affiliates.

 

All of the $0.20 Warrants and $0.001 Warrants provide for adjustment of their exercise prices upon the occurrence of certain events, such as payment of a stock dividend, a stock split, a reverse split, a reclassification of shares, or any subsequent equity sale, rights offering, pro rata distribution, or any fundamental transaction such as a merger, sale of all of its assets, tender offer or exchange offer, or reclassification of its common stock. If at any time after October 17, 2008 there is no effective registration statement registering, or no current prospectus available for, the resale of the shares underlying the warrants by the holder of such warrants, then the warrants may also be exercised at such time by means of a “cashless exercise.”

 

In connection with the private placement, we entered into a registration rights agreement with the purchasers of the securities pursuant to which we agreed to file a registration statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 45 days after the final closing of the offering. The resale of 49,228,334 shares of common stock and 36,921,250 shares underlying the warrants is being registered in this prospectus.

 

At the closing of the private placement, we exercised our right under an agreement dated August 23, 2007 with YA Global Investments, L.P. f/k/a Cornell Capital Partners, L.P. (“Yorkville”), to redeem the outstanding $1,700,000 principal amount of our Secured Convertible Debentures due February 1, 2009 owned by Yorkville, and to acquire from Yorkville warrants expiring February 1, 2011 to purchase an aggregate of 4,500,000 shares of our common stock. We paid an aggregate of (i) $2,289,999 to redeem the debentures at the principal amount plus a 20% premium and accrued and unpaid interest, and (ii) $600,000 to repurchase the warrants.

 

As part of the private placement the $600,000 outstanding promissory notes (“Bridge Notes”) were converted into 4,000,000 shares of common stock and 3,000,000 $0.20 Warrants based on the terms of the private placement. At their option, the holders were paid interest in cash. The Bridge Notes were issued on August 24, 2007 at an aggregate principal amount of $600,000 bearing interest at a rate of 12% per annum. Additionally, 5-year warrants to purchase an aggregate of 150,000 shares of our common stock at a purchase price of $0.287 per share were issued to three investors including Thomas Moore, our Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Moore invested $400,000 and received warrants to purchase 100,000 shares of Common Stock.

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We may incur substantial liabilities from any product liability claims if our insurance coverage for those claims is inadequate.

 

We face an inherent risk of product liability exposure related to the testing of our product candidates in human clinical trials, and will face an even greater risk if the product candidates are sold commercially. An individual may bring a liability claim against us if one of the product candidates causes, or merely appears to have caused, an injury. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against the product liability claim, we will incur substantial liabilities. Regardless of merit or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in:

 

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decreased demand for our product candidates,

 

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injury to our reputation,

 

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withdrawal of clinical trial participants,

 

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costs of related litigation,

 

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substantial monetary awards to patients or other claimants,

 

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loss of revenues,

 

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the inability to commercialize product candidates, and

 

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increased difficulty in raising required additional funds in the private and public capital markets.

 

We currently have insurance covering our clinical trial sites. We do not have product liability insurance because we do not have products on the market. We intend to obtain insurance coverage and to expand such coverage to include the sale of commercial products if marketing approval is obtained for any of our product candidates. However, insurance coverage is increasingly expensive. We may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost and we may not be able to obtain insurance coverage that will be adequate to satisfy any liability that may arise.

 

We may incur significant costs complying with environmental laws and regulations.

 

We will use hazardous materials, including chemicals and biological agents and compounds that could be dangerous to human health and safety or the environment. As appropriate, we will store these materials and wastes resulting from their use at our or our outsourced laboratory facility pending their ultimate use or disposal. We will contract with a third party to properly dispose of these materials and wastes. We will be subject to a variety of federal, state and local laws and regulations governing the use, generation, manufacture, storage, handling and disposal of these materials and wastes. We may also incur significant costs complying with environmental laws and regulations adopted in the future.

 

If we use biological and hazardous materials in a manner that causes injury, we may be liable for damages.

 

Our research and development and manufacturing activities will involve the use of biological and hazardous materials. Although we believe our safety procedures for handling and disposing of these materials will comply with federal, state and local laws and regulations, we cannot entirely eliminate the risk of accidental injury or contamination from the use, storage, handling or disposal of these materials. We do not carry specific biological or hazardous waste insurance coverage, workers compensation or property and casualty and general liability insurance policies which include coverage for damages and fines arising from biological or hazardous waste exposure or contamination. Accordingly, in the event of contamination or injury, we could be held liable for damages or penalized with fines in an amount exceeding our resources, and our clinical trials or regulatory approvals could be suspended or terminated.

 

We need to attract and retain highly skilled personnel; we may be unable to effectively manage growth with our limited resources.

 

At the date of this report, we have nine employees. We intend to expand our operations and staff as needed. Our new employees may include key managerial, technical, financial, research and development and operations personnel who will not have been fully integrated into our operations. We expect the expansion of our business to place a significant strain on our limited managerial, operational and financial resources. We will be required to expand our operational and financial systems significantly and to expand, train and manage our work force in order to manage the expansion of our operations. Our failure to fully integrate our new employees into our operations could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations. Our ability to attract and retain highly skilled personnel is critical to our operations and expansion. We face competition for these types of personnel from other technology companies and more established organizations, many of which have significantly larger operations and greater financial, technical, human and other resources than we have. We may not be successful in attracting and retaining qualified personnel on a timely basis, on competitive terms, or at all. If we are not successful in attracting and retaining these personnel, our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations will be materially adversely affected. In such circumstances we may be unable to conduct certain research and development programs, unable to adequately manage our clinical trials of Lovaxin C and other products, and unable to adequately address our management needs. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis and Results of Operations,” “Business - Strategy,” and “Business—Employees.”

 

We depend upon our senior management and key consultants and their loss or unavailability could put us at a competitive disadvantage.

 

We depend upon the efforts and abilities of our senior executives, as well as the services of several key consultants, including Yvonne Paterson, Ph.D. The loss or unavailability of the services of any of these individuals for any significant period of time could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations. We have not obtained, do not own, nor are we the beneficiary of, key-person life insurance. See “Executive Compensation—Employment Agreements.”

 

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Risks Related to the Biotechnology / Biopharmaceutical Industry

 

The biotechnology and biopharmaceutical industries are characterized by rapid technological developments and a high degree of competition. We may be unable to compete with more substantial enterprises.

 

The biotechnology and biopharmaceutical industries are characterized by rapid technological developments and a high degree of competition.   Competition in the biopharmaceutical industry is based significantly on scientific and technological factors. These factors include the availability of patent and other protection for technology and products, the ability to commercialize technological developments and the ability to obtain governmental approval for testing, manufacturing and marketing. We compete with specialized biopharmaceutical firms in the United States, Europe and elsewhere, as well as a growing number of large pharmaceutical companies that are applying biotechnology to their operations. Many biopharmaceutical companies have focused their development efforts in the human therapeutics area, including cancer. Many major pharmaceutical companies have developed or acquired internal biotechnology capabilities or made commercial arrangements with other biopharmaceutical companies. These companies, as well as academic institutions and governmental agencies and private research organizations, also compete with us in recruiting and retaining highly qualified scientific personnel and consultants. Our ability to compete successfully with other companies in the pharmaceutical field will also depend to a considerable degree on the continuing availability of capital to us.

 

 

We expect that our products under development and in clinical trials will address major markets within the cancer sector with a superior technology that is both safer and more effective than our competitors. Our competition will be determined in part by the potential indications for which drugs are developed and ultimately approved by regulatory authorities. Additionally, the timing of market introduction of some of our potential products or of competitors’ products may be an important competitive factor. Accordingly, the relative speed with which we can develop products, complete preclinical testing, clinical trials and approval processes and supply commercial quantities to market is expected to be important competitive factors. We expect that competition among products approved for sale will be based on various factors, including product efficacy, safety, reliability, availability, price and patent position. See “Business - Research and Development Programs” and “Business - Competition.”

 

Risks Related to the Securities Markets and Investments in our Common Stock

 

The price of our common stock may be volatile.

 

The trading price of our common stock may fluctuate substantially. The price of the common stock that will prevail in the market after the sale of the shares of common stock by the selling stockholders may be higher or lower than the price you have paid, depending on many factors, some of which are beyond our control and may not be related to our operating performance. These fluctuations could cause you to lose part or all of your investment in our common stock. Those factors that could cause fluctuations include, but are not limited to, the following:

 

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price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market from time to time;

 

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fluctuations in stock market prices and trading volumes of similar companies;

 

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actual or anticipated changes in our net loss or fluctuations in our operating results or in the expectations of securities analysts;

 

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general economic conditions and trends;

 

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major catastrophic events;

 

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sales of large blocks of our stock;

 

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departures of key personnel;

 

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changes in the regulatory status of our product candidates, including results of our clinical trials;

 

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events affecting Penn or any future collaborators;

 

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announcements of new products or technologies, commercial relationships or other events by us or our competitors;

 

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regulatory developments in the United States and other countries;

 

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failure of our common stock to be listed or quoted on the Nasdaq Stock Market, American Stock Exchange or other national market system;

 

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changes in accounting principles; and

 

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discussion of us or our stock price by the financial and scientific press and in online investor communities.

 

In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been brought against that company. Due to the potential volatility of our stock price, we may therefore be the target of securities litigation in the future. Securities litigation could result in substantial costs and divert management’s attention and resources from our business.

 

Our common stock is considered  to be "penny stock."

 

Our common stock may be deemed to be “penny stock” as that term is defined in Rule 3a51-1, promulgated under the Exchange Act. Penny stocks are stocks:

 

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with a price of less than $5.00 per share;

 

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that are not traded on a “recognized” national exchange;

 

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whose prices are not quoted on the NASDAQ automated quotation system; or

 

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of issuers with net tangible assets less than $2,000,000 (if the issuer has been in continuous operation for at least three years) or $5,000,000 (if in continuous operation for less than three years), or with average revenue of less than $6,000,000 for the last three years.

 

Section 15(g) of the Exchange Act and Rule 15g-2 promulgated thereunder require broker-dealers dealing in penny stocks to provide potential investors with a document disclosing the risks of penny stocks and to obtain a manually signed and dated written receipt of the document before effecting any transaction in a “penny stock” for the investor’s account. We urge potential investors to obtain and read this disclosure carefully before purchasing any shares that are deemed to be “penny stock.”

 

Rule 15g-9 promulgated under the Exchange Act requires broker-dealers in penny stocks to approve the account of any investor for transactions in such stocks before selling any “penny stock” to that investor. This procedure requires the broker-dealer to:

 

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obtain from the investor information about his or her financial situation, investment experience and investment objectives;

 

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reasonably determine, based on that information, that transactions in penny stocks are suitable for the investor and that the investor has enough knowledge and experience to be able to evaluate the risks of “penny stock” transactions;

 

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provide the investor with a written statement setting forth the basis on which the broker-dealer made his or her determination; and

 

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receive a signed and dated copy of the statement from the investor, confirming that it accurately reflects the investor’s financial situation, investment experience and investment objectives.

 

Compliance with these requirements may make it harder for investors in our common stock to resell their shares to third parties. Accordingly, our common stock should only be purchased by investors, who understand that such investment is a long-term and illiquid investment, and are capable of and prepared to bear the risk of holding the common stock for an indefinite period of time.

 

A limited public trading market may cause volatility in the price of our common stock.

 

Our common stock began trading on the OTC:BB on July 28, 2005 and is quoted under the symbol ADXS.OB. The quotation of our common stock on the OTC: BB does not assure that a meaningful, consistent and liquid trading market currently exists, and in recent years such market has experience extreme price and volume fluctuations that have particularly affected the market prices of many smaller companies like us. Our common stock is thus subject to this volatility. Sales of substantial amounts of common stock, or the perception that such sales might occur, could adversely affect prevailing market prices of our common stock and our stock price may decline substantially in a short time and our shareholders could suffer losses or be unable to liquidate their holdings. Our stock is thinly traded due to the limited number of shares available for trading on the market thus causing large swings in price.

 

There is no assurance of an established public trading market.

 

A regular trading market for our common stock may not be sustained in the future. The effect on the OTC:BB of these rule changes and other proposed changes cannot be determined at this time. The OTC:BB is an inter-dealer, over-the-counter market that provides significantly less liquidity than the NASDAQ Stock Market. Quotes for stocks included on the OTC:BB are not listed in the financial sections of newspapers as are those for the NASDAQ Stock Market. Therefore, prices for securities traded solely on the OTC:BB may be difficult to obtain and holders of common stock may be unable to resell their securities at or near their original offering price or at any price. Market prices for our common stock will be influenced by a number of factors, including:

 

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The issuance of new equity securities pursuant to a future offering;

 

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Changes in interest rates;

 

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Competitive developments, including announcements by competitors of new products or services or significant contracts, acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures or capital commitments;

 

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Variations in quarterly operating results;

 

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Change in financial estimates by securities analysts;

 

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The depth and liquidity of the market for our common stock;

 

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Investor perceptions of our company and the technologies industries generally; and

 

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General economic and other national conditions.

 

Our common stock is quoted on the OTC:BB. In addition we are subject to a covenant to use our best efforts to apply to be listed on the American Stock Exchange or quoted on the Nasdaq National Stock Market.

 

We may not be able to achieve secondary trading of our stock in certain states because our common stock is not nationally traded.

 

Because our common stock is not approved for trading on the Nasdaq National Market or listed for trading on a national securities exchange, our common stock is subject to the securities laws of the various states and jurisdictions of the United States in addition to federal securities law. This regulation covers any primary offering we might attempt and all secondary trading by our stockholders. While we intend to take appropriate steps to register our common stock or qualify for exemptions for our common stock, in all of the states and jurisdictions of the United States, if we fail to do so, the investors in those jurisdictions where we have not taken such steps may not be allowed to purchase our stock or those who presently hold our stock may not be able to resell their shares without substantial effort and expense. These restrictions and potential costs could be significant burdens on our stockholders.

 

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If we fail to remain current on our reporting requirements, we could be removed from the OTC:BB, which would limit the ability of broker-dealers to sell our securities and the ability of stockholders to sell their securities in the secondary market.

 

Companies trading on the OTC:BB, such as us, must be reporting issuers under Section 12 of the Exchange Act, as amended, and must be current in their reports under Section 13, in order to maintain price quotation privileges on the OTC:BB. If we fail to remain current on our reporting requirements, we could be removed from the OTC:BB. As a result, the market liquidity for our securities could be severely adversely affected by limiting the ability of broker-dealers to sell our securities and the ability of stockholders to sell their securities in the secondary market.

 

We may be exposed to potential risks resulting from new requirements under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

 

Pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, we will be required, beginning with our year ending October 31, 2008, to include in our annual report our assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting for fiscal years ending on or after December 15, 2007. Furthermore, our independent registered public accounting firm will be required to attest to whether our assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting is fairly stated in all material respects and separately report on whether it believes we have maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting for fiscal years ending on or after December 15, 2008. We have not yet completed our assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. We expect to incur additional expenses and diversion of management’s time as a result of performing the system and process evaluation, testing and remediation required in order to comply with the management certification and auditor attestation requirements.

 

Our executive officers, directors and principal stockholders control our business and may make decisions that are not in our best interests.

 

Our officers, directors and principal stockholders, and their affiliates, in the aggregate, beneficially own, as of October 31, 2007, 14.7% of the outstanding shares of our common stock on a fully diluted basis. As a result, such persons, acting together, have the ability to substantially influence all matters submitted to our stockholders for approval, including the election and removal of directors and any merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of our assets, and to control our management and affairs. Accordingly, such concentration of ownership may have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in discouraging a potential acquirer from making a tender offer or otherwise attempting to obtain control of our business, even if such a transaction would be beneficial to other stockholders.

 

Sales of additional equity securities may adversely affect the market price of our common stock and your rights in us may be reduced.

 

We expect to continue to incur product development and selling, general and administrative costs, and to satisfy our funding requirements, we will need to sell additional equity securities, which may be subject to registration rights. The sale or the proposed sale of substantial amounts of our common stock in the public markets may adversely affect the market price of our common stock and our stock price may decline substantially. Our stockholders may experience substantial dilution and a reduction in the price that they are able to obtain upon sale of their shares. Also, new equity securities issued may have greater rights, preferences or privileges than our existing common stock.

 

Additional authorized shares of common stock available for issuance may adversely affect the market.

 

We are authorized to issue 500,000,000 shares of our common stock. As of October 31, 2007, we had 107,957,977 shares of our common stock issued and outstanding, excluding shares issuable upon exercise of our outstanding warrants and options. As of October 31, 2007, we had outstanding 8,512,841 options to purchase shares of our common stock at a weighted exercise price of $0.22 per share and outstanding warrants to purchase 84,380,437 shares of our common stock, with exercise prices ranging from $0.195 to $0.274 per share along with 3,333,333 warrants purchased for $0.149 with an exercise price of $0.001 per share. Pursuant to our 2004 Stock Option Plan, 2,381,525 shares of common stock are reserved for issuance under the plan. Pursuant to our 2005 Stock Option Plan, 5,600,000 shares of common stock are reserved for issuance under the plan. In addition, we have granted 1,001,399 options as non-plan options. To the extent the shares of common stock are issued or options and warrants are exercised, holders of our common stock will experience dilution. In addition, in the event of any future financing of equity securities or securities convertible into or exchangeable for, common stock, holders of our common stock may experience dilution.

 

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Shares eligible for future sale may adversely affect the market.

 

Sales of a significant number of shares of our common stock in the public market could harm the market price of our common stock. This prospectus covers 109,482,917 issued and outstanding shares of our common stock, which represents approximately 101.4% of our currently outstanding shares of our common stock. As additional shares of our common stock become available for resale in the public market pursuant to this offering, and otherwise, the supply of our common stock will increase, which could decrease its price. Some or all of the shares of common stock may be offered from time to time in the open market pursuant to Rule 144, and these sales may have a depressive effect on the market for our shares of common stock. In general, a person who has held restricted shares for a period of one year may, upon filing with the SEC a notification on Form 144, sell into the market common stock in an amount equal to the greater of 1% of the outstanding shares or the average weekly number of shares sold in the last four weeks prior to such sale. Such sales may be repeated once each three months, and any of the restricted shares may be sold by a non-affiliate after they have been held two years.

 

We are able to issue shares of preferred stock with rights superior to those of holders of our common stock. Such issuances can dilute the tangible net book value of shares of our common stock.

 

Our Certification of Incorporation provide for the authorization of 5,000,000 shares of “blank check” preferred stock. Pursuant to our Certificate of Incorporation, our Board of Directors is authorized to issue such “blank check” preferred stock with rights that are superior to the rights of stockholders of our common stock, at a purchase price then approved by our Board of Directors, which purchase price may be substantially lower than the market price of shares of our common stock, without stockholder approval. Such issuances can dilute the tangible net book value of shares of our common stock.

 

We do not intend to pay dividends.

 

We have never declared or paid any dividends on our securities. We currently intend to retain our earnings for funding growth and, therefore, do not expect to pay any dividends in the foreseeable future.

 

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

 

This prospectus contains forward-looking statements. We have based these forward-looking statements on our current expectations and projections about future events. These statements include, but are not to:

 

·

statements as to the anticipated timing of clinical studies and other business developments;

 

·

statements as to the development of new products;

 

·

expectations as to the adequacy of our cash balances to support our operations for specified periods of time and as to the nature and level of cash expenditures; and

 

·

expectations as to the market opportunities for our products, as well as our ability to take advantage of those opportunities.

 

These statements may be found in the sections of this prospectus entitled “Prospectus Summary,” “Risk Factors,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis and Results of Operations,” and “Business,” as well as in this prospectus generally. Actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including all the risks discussed in “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this prospectus.

 

In addition, statements that use the terms “can,” “continue,” “could,” “may,” “potential,” “predicts,” “should,” “will,” “believe,” “expect,” “plan,” “intend,” “estimate,” “anticipate,” “scheduled” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. All forward-looking statements in this prospectus reflect our current views about future events and are based on assumptions and are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ materially from future results expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Many of these factors are beyond our ability to control or predict. Forward-looking statements do not guarantee future performance and involve risks and uncertainties. Actual results will differ, and may differ materially, from projected results as a result of certain risks and uncertainties. The risks and uncertainties include, without limitation, those described under “Risk Factors” and those detailed from time to time in our filings with the SEC, and include, among others, the following:

 

·

Our limited operating history and ability to continue as a going concern;

 

·

Our ability to successfully develop and commercialize products based on our therapies and the Listeria System;

 

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·

A lengthy approval process and the uncertainty of FDA and other government regulatory requirements may have a material adverse effect on our ability to commercialize our applications;

 

·

Clinical trials may fail to demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of our applications or therapies, which could have a material adverse effect on our ability to obtain government regulatory approval;

 

·

The degree and nature of our competition;

 

·

Our ability to employ and retain qualified employees; and

 

·

The other factors referenced in this prospectus, including, without limitation, under the section entitled “Risk Factors,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis and Results of Operations,” and Business.”

 

These risks are not exhaustive. Other sections of this prospectus may include additional factors which could adversely impact our business and financial performance. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risk factors emerge from time to time and it is not possible for our management to predict all risk factors, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. Given these risks and uncertainties, investors should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements as a prediction of actual results. These forward-looking statements are made only as of the date of this prospectus. Except for our ongoing obligation to disclose material information as required by federal securities laws, we do not intend to update you concerning any future revisions to any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances occurring after the date of this prospectus.

 

USE OF PROCEEDS

 

Other than the cash exercise prices of the warrants, we will not receive any proceeds from the sale of shares of common stock covered by this prospectus by the selling stockholders. If all such warrants covered by this prospectus are exercised, we will receive gross proceeds of approximately $8,720,917. We intend to use such proceeds for working capital and general corporate purposes. No assurance can be given, however, as to when, if ever, any or all of such warrants will be exercised.

 

SELLING STOCKHOLDERS

 

General

 

Approximately 59 selling stockholders are offering 109,482,917 shares of our common stock, which is comprised of 59,228,334 shares of common stock already issued and 50,254,583 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the warrants, which they obtained as part of the following share issuances:

 

On October 17, 2007, pursuant to a Securities Purchase Agreement, we completed a $7,384,235.10 private placement pursuant to which we sold 49,228,334 shares of common stock at a purchase price of $0.15 per share solely to institutional and accredited investors. Each investor received a five-year warrant to purchase an amount of shares of common stock that equals 75% of the number of shares of common stock purchased by such investor in the offering. The warrants provide that they may not be exercised if, following the exercise, the holder will be deemed to be the beneficial owner of more than 4.99% of our outstanding shares of common stock, unless such restriction is waived by the holder, in which case the limitation shall be 9.99% or waived altogether.

 

Concurrent with the closing of the private placement, we sold for $1,996,667 to CAMOFI Master LDC and CAMHZN Master LDC an aggregate of (i) 10,000,000 shares of common stock, (ii) warrants to purchase up to 10,000,000 shares of common stock at a exercise price of $.20 per share, and (iii) warrants to purchase an additional 3,333,333 shares of common stock at a exercise price of $0.001 per share. The parties agreed that the purchasers would be bound by and entitled to the benefits of the Securities Purchase Agreement as if they had been signatories thereto. The $0.20 warrants and $0.001 warrants contain the same terms, except for the exercise price. Both warrants provide that they may not be exercised if, following the exercise, the holder will be deemed to be the beneficial owner of more than 9.99% of our outstanding shares of common stock.

 

The warrants provide for adjustment of their exercise prices upon the occurrence of certain events, such as payment of a stock dividend, a stock split, a reverse split, a reclassification of shares, or certain subsequent equity sales, rights offerings, pro rata distributions, or any fundamental transaction such as a merger, sale of all of its assets, tender offer or exchange offer, or reclassification of our common stock.

 

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Selling Stockholder Table

 

The 59 selling stockholders are offering 59,228,334 shares of common stock already issued and 50,254,583 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of warrants, which they obtained as part of the aforementioned private placement. The selling stockholders may offer and sell, from time to time, any or all of the common stock issued. Because the selling stockholders may offer all or only some portion of the 109,482,917 shares of common stock to be registered, no estimate can be given as to the amount or percentage of these shares of common stock that will be held by the selling stockholders upon termination of the offering. The following table provides as of October 31, 2007 information regarding the beneficial ownership of our common stock held by each of the selling stockholders (including holders of warrants for shares being registered). The information set forth in the selling stockholder table and the footnotes to the table are prepared based on our transfer agent’s records as of October 31, 2007 and the completed selling stockholder questionnaires we have received.

 

Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with rules promulgated by the SEC, and the information is not necessarily indicative of beneficial ownership for any other purpose. The shares of common stock deemed outstanding include shares outstanding as of October 31, 2007 and shares issuable by Advaxis pursuant to warrants and stock options held by the respective individual or entity which may be exercised within 60 days following the date of this prospectus.

 

Warrants and stock options exercisable within 60 days are deemed to be outstanding and to be beneficially owned by the person or group holding such options for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of such person or group but are not treated as outstanding for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of any other person or group. Except as otherwise indicated, we believe that the persons named in the table have sole voting and investment power with respect to all shares of the common stock shown as beneficially owned by them, subject to community property laws where applicable.

 

We may amend or supplement this prospectus from time to time in the future to update or change this list of selling stockholders and shares that may be resold.

 

Selling Stockholder		Shares Owned Before Offering (1)			Shares Being Offered			Shares to be Owned After Offering (2)			Percentage to be Owned After Offering (3)
2056850 Ontario Inc.			1,666,666			1,666,666
Alpha Capital			2,916,667			2,916,667
Andrew Latos			641,667			641,667
Anthony G. Polak			750,001			583,334			166,667			*
Ariel Shatz and Talya Miron-Shatz			583,333			583,333
Arthur & Christine Handal			291,667			291,667
Gerald A. Brauser TTEE FBO Bernice Brauser Irrevocable Trust			1,750,000			1,750,000
Bridge Ventures, Inc.(4)			1,150,000			350,000			800,000			0.7	%
Brio Capital LP			1,750,000			1,750,000
CAMOFI Master LDC (5)			20,653,332			18,666,666			1,986,666			1.8	%
CAMHZN Master LDC (5)			5,163,334			4,666,667			496,667			0.5	%
Carter Management Group LLC(6)			875,00			875,000						2.7	%
Cary Fields			2,625,000			2,625,000
Castlerigg Master Investments, Ltd.			11,608,333			11,608,333
Chestnut Ridge Partners LP			7,000,000			7,000,000
Christopher Kyriakides			1,767,500			1,767,500
David Ismailer			583,333			583,333
Dr. Philip and Maxine Patt			2,041,667			2,041,667
Emilio DiSanluciano			583,333			583,333
Endeavor Asset Mgmt.			1,666,667			1,666,667
Flavio Sportelli			262,500			262,500
Gerald Cohen			350,000			350,000
Gregory William Eagan			350,000			350,000
IRA FBO Ronald M. Lazar			341,667			175,000			166,667			*
Isaac Cohen			116,667			116,667
Jack Erlanger			291,667			291,667
John Golfinos			1,166,667			1,166,667
John Lilly(7)			1,787,500			1,750,000			37,500			*
Joseph Giamanco			875,000			875,000

 

 

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Selling Stockholder		Shares Owned Before Offering (1)			Shares Being Offered			Shares to be Owned After Offering (2)			Percentage to be Owned After Offering (3)
Julie Arkin			583,333			583,333
Keith M Rosenbloom			291,667			291,667
Leonard Cohen			550,000			350,000			200,000			*
Lipman Capital Group Inc. Retirement Plan (8)			673,750			673,750
Mary Tagliaferri			116,667			116,667
Michael Freedman			291,667			291,667
Michael Miller			875,000			875,000
Michael Sobeck			145,833			145,833
Micro Capital Fund LP			2,625,000			2,625,000
Micro Capital Fund Ltd.			875,000			875,000
Oppenheimer + Co. Inc.			875,000			875,000
Othon Mourkakos			1,750,000			1,750,000
Pan Brothers			583,333			583,333
Peter Latos, Esq.			933,333			933,333
Peter Malo			583,333			583,333
Philip DiPippo			583,333			583,333
Phylis Meier			583,333			583,333
Platinum Long Term Growth VII			11,666,667			11,666,667
Revach			583,333			583,333
RL Capital Partners (9)			291,667			291,667
Robert & Donna Goode			175,000			175,000
Robert Allen Papiri			641,667			641,667
Robert H. Cohen			6,043,033			5,833,333			209,700			*
Spallino Family Trust			291,667			291,667
Steven B. Gold IRA, Charles Schwab & Co., Inc., Custodian			595,833			595,833			12,500			*
Steven J. Shankman			700,000			700,000
Suzanne Henry			583,333			583,333
MLPF CUST FBO Thomas A. Moore IRRA(11)			6,716,668			4,666,667			2,050,001			1.9	%
Whalehaven Capital Fund Limited			2,916,667			2,916,667
Zenith Capital Corporation Money Purchase Pension Plan			875,000			875,000

 

* Less than 1%

 

** Denotes a broker-dealer or an affiliate of a broker-dealer.

 

(1)   The number and percentage of shares beneficially owned is determined in accordance with Rule 13d-3 of the Exchange Act, and the information is not necessarily indicative of beneficial ownership for any other purpose. Under such rule, beneficial ownership includes any shares as to which the selling stockholder has sole or shared voting power or investment power and also any shares, which the selling stockholder has the right to acquire within 60 days.

 

(2)   Assumes that all securities registered in this offering will be sold.

 

(3)   Assumes that all securities registered in this offering will be sold.

 

(4)   Bridge Ventures Consulting Agreement dated March 15, 2007, as amended on October 17, 2007, granted 800,000 five year warrants exercisable at $0.20 per share of common stock along with $60,000 as an initial fee and $5,000 monthly fees for a six month period unless extended. The agreement secured the consults services in overall strategic planning, business opportunities and related services. Prior to the offering Bridge’s beneficial ownership was 1.6%.

 

(5)   Includes 2,483,333 five year warrants exercisable at $0.20 per share of common stock assigned to such purchaser by their investment manager, Centrecourt Asset Management (“Centrecourt”). Centrecourt had received such warrants in connection with rendering various strategic advisory services to the Company pursuant to an Advisory Agreement dated August 1, 2007.

 

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(6)   Carter Management Group LLC a private holding company invested $75,000 to purchase 500,000 shares and 375,000 warrants. John C. Lipman is the managing and sole member of Carter Management Group LLC. John C. Lipman is the Chairman, CEO, and sole owner of Carter Securities LLC, a FINRA member firm.

 

(7)   John Lilly was a Bridge loan investor and as part of that agreement he received 37,500 five year warrants exercisable at $0.287 per share of common stock and 12% interest on principal. Prior to the offering Mr. Lilly’s beneficial ownership was less then 1.0%.

 

(8)   Lipman Capital Group, Inc. Retirement Plan is owned by John C. Lipman, the sole owner of Carter Securities LLC, a FINRA member firm.

 

(9)   Ronald Lazar and Anthony Polak are the Managing Members of RL Capital Management, LLC, the General Partner of RL Capital Partners.

 

(10)   Steve Gold was a Bridge loan investor and as part of that agreement he received 12,500 five year warrants exercisable at $0.287 per share of common stock and 12% interest on principal. Prior to the offering Mr. Gold’s beneficial ownership was less than 1.0%.

 

(11)   MLPF&S CUST FBO Thomas A. Moore IRRA is the CEO and Chairman of the Board of the Company. He was also a Bridge Investor and received 100,000 five year warrants exercisable at $0.287 per share of common stock and 12% interest on principal. In accordance with his December 15, 2006 employment agreement he was granted 2,400,000 options for which he has beneficial ownership of 1,200,001 options in common stock at an exercise price of $0.143 per share. In addition the agreement provided for awarding 750,000 shares of common stock for raising funds that have yet to be issued. Prior to the raise Mr. Moore’s beneficial ownership was 2.6%.

 

PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION

 

Each Selling Stockholder of the common stock and any of their pledgees, assignees and successors-in-interest may, from time to time, sell any or all of their shares of common stock on the OTC Bulletin Board or any other stock exchange, market or trading facility on which the shares are traded or in private transactions. These sales may be at fixed or negotiated prices. A Selling Stockholder may use any one or more of the following methods when selling shares:

 

·

ordinary brokerage transactions and transactions in which the broker dealer solicits purchasers;

 

·

block trades in which the broker dealer will attempt to sell the shares as agent but may position and resell a portion of the block as principal to facilitate the transaction;

 

·

purchases by a broker dealer as principal and resale by the broker dealer for its account;

 

·

an exchange distribution in accordance with the rules of the applicable exchange;

 

·

privately negotiated transactions;

 

·

settlement of short sales entered into after the effective date of the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part;

 

·

broker dealers may agree with the Selling Stockholders to sell a specified number of such shares at a stipulated price per share;

 

·

through the writing or settlement of options or other hedging transactions, whether through an options exchange or otherwise;

 

·

a combination of any such methods of sale; or

 

·

any other method permitted pursuant to applicable law.

 

The Selling Stockholders may also sell shares under Rule 144 under the Securities Act, if available, rather than under this prospectus.

 

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Broker dealers engaged by the Selling Stockholders may arrange for other brokers dealers to participate in sales. Broker dealers may receive commissions or discounts from the Selling Stockholders (or, if any broker dealer acts as agent for the purchaser of shares, from the purchaser) in amounts to be negotiated, but, except as set forth in a supplement to this Prospectus, in the case of an agency transaction not in excess of a customary brokerage commission in compliance with NASDR Rule 2440; and in the case of a principal transaction a markup or markdown in compliance with NASDR IM-2440.

 

In connection with the sale of the common stock or interests therein, the Selling Stockholders may enter into hedging transactions with broker-dealers or other financial institutions, which may in turn engage in short sales of the common stock in the course of hedging the positions they assume. The Selling Stockholders may also sell shares of the common stock short and deliver these securities to close out their short positions and to return borrowed shares in connection with such short sales, or loan or pledge the common stock to broker-dealers that in turn may sell these securities. The Selling Stockholders may also enter into option or other transactions with broker-dealers or other financial institutions or the creation of one or more derivative securities which require the delivery to such broker-dealer or other financial institution of shares offered by this prospectus, which shares such broker-dealer or other financial institution may resell pursuant to this prospectus (as supplemented or amended to reflect such transaction).

 

The Selling Stockholders and any broker-dealers or agents that are involved in selling the shares may be deemed to be “underwriters” within the meaning of the Securities Act in connection with such sales. In such event, any commissions received by such broker-dealers or agents and any profit on the resale of the shares purchased by them may be deemed to be underwriting commissions or discounts under the Securities Act. Each Selling Stockholder has informed the Company that it does not have any written or oral agreement or understanding, directly or indirectly, with any person to distribute the Common Stock. In no event shall any broker-dealer receive fees, commissions and markups which, in the aggregate, would exceed eight percent (8%).

 

The Company is required to pay certain fees and expenses incurred by the Company incident to the registration of the shares. The Company has agreed to indemnify the Selling Stockholders against certain losses, claims, damages and liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act.

 

The Selling Stockholders will be subject to the prospectus delivery requirements of the Securities Act including Rule 172 thereunder. In addition, any securities covered by this prospectus which qualify for sale pursuant to Rule 144 under the Securities Act may be sold under Rule 144 rather than under this prospectus. There is no underwriter or coordinating broker acting in connection with the proposed sale of the resale shares by the Selling Stockholders.

 

We agreed to keep this prospectus effective until the earlier of (i) the date on which the shares may be resold by the Selling Stockholders without registration and without regard to any volume limitations by reason of Rule 144(k) under the Securities Act or any other rule of similar effect or (ii) all of the shares have been sold pursuant to this prospectus or Rule 144 under the Securities Act or any other rule of similar effect. The resale shares will be sold only through registered or licensed brokers or dealers if required under applicable state securities laws. In addition, in certain states, the resale shares may not be sold unless they have been registered or qualified for sale in the applicable state or an exemption from the registration or qualification requirement is available and is complied with.

 

Under applicable rules and regulations under the Exchange Act, any person engaged in the distribution of the resale shares may not simultaneously engage in market making activities with respect to the common stock for the applicable restricted period, as defined in Regulation M, prior to the commencement of the distribution. In addition, the Selling Stockholders will be subject to applicable provisions of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations thereunder, including Regulation M, which may limit the timing of purchases and sales of shares of the common stock by the Selling Stockholders or any other person. We will make copies of this prospectus available to the Selling Stockholders and have informed them of the need to deliver a copy of this prospectus to each purchaser at or prior to the time of the sale (including by compliance with Rule 172 under the Securities Act).

 

 

 

CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS

 

Our policy is to enter into transactions with related parties on terms that, on the whole, are no more favorable, or no less favorable, than those available from unaffiliated third parties. Based on our experience in the business sectors in which we operate and the terms of our transactions with unaffiliated third parties, we believe that all of the transactions described below met this policy standard at the time they occurred.

 

The Company entered into a consulting agreement with LVEP Management LLC (LVEP) dated as of January 19, 2005, and amended on April 15, 2005 and October 31, 2005, pursuant to which Mr. Roni Appel served as Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Secretary of the Company and was compensated by consulting fees paid to LVEP. LVEP is owned by the estate of Scott Flamm (deceased January 2006) previously, one of our directors and a principal shareholder. Pursuant to an amendment dated December 15, 2006 (“effective date”) Mr. Appel resigned as President and Chief Executive Officer and Secretary of the Company on the effective date, but remains as a board member and consultant to the company. The term of the agreement as amended is 24 months from effective date. Mr. Appel will devote 50% of his time over the first 12 months of the consulting period. Also as a consultant, he will be paid at a rate of $22,500 per month in addition to benefits as provided to other company officers. He will receive severance payments over an additional 12 months at a rate of $10,416.67 per month and shall be reimbursed for family health care. All his stock options became fully vested on the effective date and are exercisable over the option term. Also, Mr. Appel was issued 1,000,000 shares of our common stock. He received a $250,000 bonus $100,000 paid on January 3, 2007 and the remainder paid in October, 2007.

 

J. Todd Derbin has served as Chairman and a director since January 1, 2006. Prior thereto he served as President and Chief Executive Officer from December 20, 2004 to January 1, 2006. On October 31, 2005 we entered into a Termination of Employment Agreement effective December 31, 2005 pursuant to which Mr. Derbin’s employment by the Company ended on December 31, 2005. Pursuant to such agreement Mr. Derbin’s salary was paid until the end of 2005 at the rate of $225,000 plus a bonus for 2005 equal to $5,000 in shares of Common Stock of the Company priced at $0.287 per share. Following his resignation Mr. Derbin served as a consultant to the Company for a fee of $6,250 per month for 6 months ending June 30, 2006. Mr. Derbin ceased serving as Chairman and Member of the Board of Directors on September 1, 2006.

 

Sentinel Consulting, Inc.

 

Sentinel Consulting Inc. is owned by Robert Harvey, an observer to our Board and the manager of Harvest Advaxis LLC, one of our principal stockholders. Sentinel provided financial consulting, scientific validation and business strategy advice to us. The term of the agreement was for six months commencing as of September 5, 2004 with each party having the right to terminate it after four months under the agreement. The agreement was terminated in August, 2005. We have paid Sentinel $33,000 for services performed and we have the obligation to issue to them a warrant to purchase 191,638 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of an $0.40 per share, plus 287,451 shares of our common stock, a retainer of $5,000, a video preparation fee of $10,000 and expenses of $6,000 in connection with the preparation of a scientific review.

 

Bridge Loan

 

On August 24, 2007, we issued and sold an aggregate of $600,000 principal amount promissory notes bearing interest at a rate of 12% per annum and warrants to purchase an aggregate of 150,000 shares of our common stock to three investors including Thomas Moore, our Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Moore invested $400,000 and received warrants for the purchase of 100,000 shares of Common Stock. The promissory note and accrued but unpaid interest thereon are convertible at the option of the holder into shares of our common stock upon the closing by the Company of a sale of its equity securities aggregating $3,000,000 or more in gross proceeds to the Company at a conversion rate which shall be the greater of a price at which such equity securities were sold or the price per share of the last reported trade of our common stock on the market on which the common stock is then listed, as quoted by Bloomberg LP. At any time prior to conversion, we have the right to prepay the promissory notes and accrued but unpaid interest thereon. Mr. Moore converted his $400,000 bridge investment into 2,666,667 shares of common stock and 2,000,000 $0.20 warrants based on the terms of the private placement. He was paid $7,101 interest in cash.

 

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On October 17, 2007, we effected a private placement to accredited investors for approximately 49,228,334 shares of common stock and warrants to purchase 36,921,250 additional shares. Concurrent with the closing of the private placement, we sold for $1,996,667 to CAMOFI Master LDC and CAMHZN Master LDC an aggregate of (i) 10,000,000 shares of Common Stock, (ii) 10,000,000 $0.20 Warrants, and (iii) 5-year warrants to purchase an additional 3,333,333 shares of Common Stock at a purchase price of $0.001/share. Both warrants provide that they may not be exercised if, following the exercise, the holder will be deemed to be the beneficial owner of more than 9.99% of Registrant’s outstanding shares of Common Stock.

 

Pursuant to an advisory agreement dated August 1, 2007 with Centrecourt, Centrecourt provided various strategic advisory services to the Company in consideration thereof. We paid Centrecourt $328,000 in cash and issued 2,483,333 $0.20 Warrants to Centrecourt, which Centrecourt assigned to the two affiliates.

 

DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS

 

Overview

 

We are a development stage biotechnology company with the intent to develop safe and effective cancer vaccines that utilize multiple mechanisms of immunity. We use the Listeria System licensed from the University of Pennsylvania (Penn) to secrete a protein sequence containing a tumor-specific antigen. Using the Listeria System, we believe we will force the body’s immune system to process and recognize the antigen as if it were foreign, creating the immune response needed to attack the cancer. We believe that the Listeria System is a broadly enabling platform technology that can be applied to many types of cancers. In addition, we believe there may be useful applications in infectious diseases and auto-immune disorders.

 

The therapeutic approach that comprises the Listeria System is based upon the innovative work of Yvonne Paterson, Ph.D., Professor of Microbiology at Penn, involving the creation of genetically engineered Listeria that stimulate the innate immune system and induce an antigen-specific immune response involving humoral and cellular components.

 

We have focused our initial development efforts upon cancer vaccines targeting cervical, breast, prostate, ovarian, lung and other cancers. Our lead products in development are as follows:

 

Product		Indication		Stage
Lovaxin C		Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), cervical cancer, head and neck		Phase I/II completed in the fiscal fourth quarter 2007. Phase II study in CIN anticipated to commence in 3rd quarter fiscal 2008. The Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) of the National Cancer Institute has agreed to conduct a cervical cancer study timing to be determined.
Lovaxin P		Prostate cancer		Preclinical; Phase I study anticipated to commence 2nd quarter fiscal 2009
Lovaxin B		Breast cancer		Preclinical; Phase I study anticipated to commence in mid fiscal 2009

 

Since our formation, we have had a history of losses that as of October 31, 2007 have aggregated $12,072,742 , and because of the long development period for new drugs, we expect to continue to incur losses for an extended period of time. Our business plan to date has been realized by substantial outsourcing of virtually all major functions of drug development including scaling up for manufacturing, research and development, grant applications, clinical studies and others. The expenses of these outsourced services account for most of our accumulated loss. We cannot predict when, if ever, any of our product candidates will become commercially viable or FDA-approved. Even if one or more of our products receives United States Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, approval or becomes commercially viable we are not certain that we will ever become a profitable business.

 

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Strategy

 

During the next 12 to 24 months our strategic focus will be to achieve several objectives. The foremost of these objectives are as follows:

 

	·	Present our completed Phase I/II clinical study of Lovaxin C which document the practicability of using this agent safely in the therapeutic treatment of cervical cancer;
	·	Initiate our Investigational New Drug Application (IND) with the FDA for our Phase II clinical study of Lovaxin C in the therapeutic treatment of CIN;

 

·

Initiate our Phase II clinical study of Lovaxin C in the therapeutic treatment of CIN;

 

·

Continue the preclinical development work necessary to bring Lovaxin P into clinical trials, and initiate that trail;

·

Continue the preclinical development work necessary to bring Lovaxin B into clinical trials, and initiate that trial;

 

·

Continue the pre-clinical development of our product candidates, as well as continue research to expand and enhance our technology platform; and

 

·

Initiate strategic and development collaborations with biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies.

 

Phase I/II Clinical Study of Lovaxin C. This trial was conducted in Israel, Serbia and Mexico, and a total of 15 women with end-stage cervical cancer were treated. Three different dose levels were tested at 5 patients per dose, by administering the same dose twice to patients as an IV infusion at a 3 week interval. The study demonstrated Lovaxin C can be used safely in end-stage metastatic cervical cancer. In the two lower dose groups (a total of 10 patients) drug related side effects consisted of fever, chills, nausea and vomiting, comprising a flu like syndrome that is frequently associated with immunotherapies and is believed to result from the release of immune cytokines as part of an innate immune response. In the lower two dose levels symptoms were controlled with non-prescription analgesics and antihistamines. In the highest dose level (5 patients ) tested symptoms were more severe and dose limiting. Thus, safe doses were established as well as a dosage ceiling, which is an objective of early stage human trials. In this trial of terminal cancer patients who had previously failed chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery, 13 of 15 patients were evaluable for efficacy. Of these, 5 patients progressed, 7 patients were stable, and 1 patient had an objective Partial Response (PR) using commonly accepted RECIST criterion of response. 4 patients benefitted from Lovaxin C therapy. In the stable group, 3 patients experienced a reduction of their tumor burden by approximately 20%. The PR patient, who was diagnosed in 2004 and who had failed two courses of chemotherapy and a course of radiotherapy in 2004, upon demonstrating a response to Lovaxin C was given additional chemotherapy and surgery, and is currently tumor free, with an unimpaired performance status (ECOG=0, Karnofsky =100), and all laboratory values within normal limits.

 

Based upon the safety demonstrated in our phase I/II trial in advanced cervical cancer, we will be undertaking a phase II trial in stage 2/3 Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN). Stage 3 CIN is carcinoma in situ, and is a non-invasive form of cervical cancer. Stages 1 and 2 CIN are commonly called cervical dysplasia. Thus CIN is the name of the disease that can increase in severity to become invasive cervical cancer. While CIN frequently regresses spontaneously, over 250,000 surgical procedures are performed in the US annually to prevent progression from CIN to invasive cancer. This indication is characterized by young, otherwise healthy, women with strong immune systems and minimal disease. The company feels this will be a very responsive population to Lovaxin C and represent a significant market. While surgery is very effective, the removal of portions of the cervix can cause a condition termed “incompetent cervix” which complicates full term pregnancy, and surgery does not confer any protection against recurrence of the disease. If Lovaxin C is a safe and effective treatment for CIN it will have the same therapeutic effect as surgery without the complications associated with removing tissue, and might provide a long lived immune response that confers protection against future recurrence.

 

Phase I/II studies will demonstrate therapeutic efficacy, as well as optimize the dosage and dosing regimen, the tests and assessments to be performed in phase III, to characterize the responding patient population, and to understand all factors possible for the purpose of defining and conducting a definitive test of the safety and efficacy of Lovaxin C for regulatory approval. Thereafter, and assuming that the results of this Phase II study are favorable, we intend to conduct Phase III clinical studies to demonstrate safety, efficacy and the potency of the investigational immunotherapy. Such studies are expected to occur in the next five to ten years. Throughout this process, we will be meeting with the FDA prior to and at the conclusion of each phase to reach a consensus before initiating any studies, to minimize regulatory risks during this clinical development process.

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The Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG), a collaborative treatment group associated with the National Cancer Institute, or NCI, has agreed to conduct the field work for an additional Phase II study in cervical cancer at its own expense (an estimated value of about $1,500,000 to $2,000,000). We estimate that we will conduct lab work valued at $250,000 in support of this study. The timing for this trial is to be determined.

Finally, we are pursuing grant monies and an investigation team to research Lovaxin C effectiveness in treatment of head and neck cancer. The timing of this Phase II study is as yet unknown.

  

Following Phase III studies, we intend to prepare and file a Biologics License Application (BLA) with the FDA. Prior to submission of the BLA, depending upon the data, we intend to possibly seek a Special Protocol Assessment and/or a Fast Track designation from the FDA, which shortens the internal FDA review process. As we accrue clinical data demonstrating the safety, efficacy and potency of Lovaxin C in Phase I and II clinical studies, we will also explore other regulatory approval options with the FDA that could expedite the licensure of the final immunotherapy.

 

We intend to continue to devote a portion of our resources to the continued pre-clinical development and optimization of our product candidates as well as the continued research to expand our technology platform. Specifically, we intend to focus upon research relating to combining our Listeria System with new and additional tumor antigens which, if successful, may lead to additional cancer vaccines and other therapeutic products. These activities may require significant financial resources, as well as areas of expertise beyond those readily available. In order to provide additional resources and capital, we may enter into research, collaborative, or commercial partnerships, joint ventures, or other arrangements with competitive or complementary companies, including major international pharmaceutical companies, or with universities, such as Penn and UCLA.

Background

 

Cancer

 

Despite tremendous advances in science, cancer remains a major health problem, and for many it continues to be the most feared of diseases. Although age-adjusted mortality rates for all cancer fell during the 1990’s, particularly for the major cancer sites (lung, colorectal, breast, and prostate), mortality rates are still increasing in certain sites such as liver and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. The American Cancer Society estimates that more than eight million Americans were treated for cancer in 1999. According to the HCUP, in 2000, treatment of the top five cancers resulted in $10.8 billion in hospital costs.

 

Cancer is the second largest cause of death in the United States, exceeded only by heart disease. Approximately 1,399,790 new cases of cancer were expected to be diagnosed in 2006, and 564,830 Americans were expected to die from the disease. The NIH estimates the overall cost for cancer in the year 2005 at $209.9 billion: $74.06 billion for direct medical costs, $17.5 billion for indirect morbidity costs (loss of productivity due to illness) and, $118.4 billion for indirect mortality costs (cost of lost productivity due to premature death). (Source: cancer facts & figures 2006, American Cancer Society). The incidence rate of cervical cancer and CIN in the US is about 250,000 patients per year, with 800,000 cases in the top 7 pharmaceutical markets, worldwide (including the US).

 

Immune System and Normal Antigen Processing

 

Living creatures, including humans, are continually confronted with potentially infectious agents. The immune system has evolved multiple mechanisms that allow the body to recognize these agents as foreign, and to target a variety of immunological responses, including innate, antibody, and cellular immunity, that mobilize the body’s natural defenses against these foreign agents and will eliminate them.

 

Innate Immunity:

 

Innate immunity is the first step in the recognition of a foreign antigen by lymphocytes is antigen processing by Antigen Processing Cells (APC). APCs are phagocytic cells that ingest particulate material, infectious agents and cellular debris. This non-specific ingestion Phagocytosis by these cells results in their activation and the release of soluble mediators called cytokines that assist the immune response.

 

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Exogenous pathway of Adaptive Immunity (Class II pathway):

 

Proteins and foreign molecules ingested by APC are broken down inside digestive vacuoles into small pieces, called peptides, and the pieces are combined with proteins called Class 2 MHC (for Major Histocompatibility Complex) in a part of the cell called the endoplasmic reticulum. The MHC-peptide, termed and MHC-2 complex from the Class 2 (or exogenous) pathway, is then pushed out to the cell surface where it interacts with certain classes of lymphocytes (CD4+) such as helper T-cells that produce induce a proliferation of stimulate B-cells, which produce antibodies, or helper T cells that assist in the maturation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. This system is called the exogenous pathway, since it is the prototypical response to an exogenous antigen like bacteria.

 

Endogenous pathway of Adaptive Immunity (Class I pathway):

 

There exists another pathway, called the endogenous pathway. In this system, when one of the body's cells begins to create unusual proteins (as happens in most viral infections and in cancer cells), the protein is broken up into peptides in the cytoplasm and directed into the endoplasmic reticulum, where it is incorporated into an MHC-1 protein and trafficed to the cell surface. This signal then calls effector cells of the cellular immune system, especially CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, to come and kill the cell. The endogenous pathway is primarily for elimination of virus-infected or cancerous cells.

 

 

In clinical cancer, the body does not always recognize the cancer cells as foreign. Listeria based vaccines are unique for many reasons, one of which is that unlike viral vectors, DNA or peptide antigens or other vaccines, Listeria stimulates all of the above mechanisms of immune action. Our technology allows the body to recognize tumor-associated or tumor-specific antigens as foreign, thus creating the immune response needed to attack the cancer. It does this by utilizing a number of biologic characteristics of the Listeria bacteria and Advaxis proprietary antigen-fusion protein technology to stimulate multiple therapeutic immune mechanisms simultaneously in an integrated and coordinated manner.

 

Mechanism of Action

 

Listeria is a bacterium well known to medical science because it can cause an infection in humans. Listeria is a pathogen that causes food poisoning, typically in people who are either immunocompromised or who eat a large quantity of the microbe as can occur in spoiled dairy products. It is not laterally transmitted from person to person, and is a common microbe in our environment. Most people ingest Listeria without being aware of it, but in high quantities or in immune suppressed people Listeria can cause various clinical conditions, including sepsis, meningitis and placental infections in pregnant women. Fortunately, many common antibiotics can kill and sterilize Listeria.

 

Because Listeria is a live bacterium it stimulates the innate immune system, thereby priming the adaptive immune system to better respond to the specific antigens that the Listeria carries, which viruses and other vectors do not do. This is a non-specific stimulation of the overall immune system that results when certain classes of pathogens such as bacteria (but not viruses) are detected. It provides some level of immune protection and also serves to prime the elements of adaptive immunity to respond in a stronger way to the specific antigenic stimulus. Listeria stimulates a strong innate response which engenders a strong adaptive response.

 

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When Listeria enters the body, it is seen as foreign by the antigen processing cells and ingested into cellular compartments called phagolysosomes, whose destructive enzymes kill most of the bacteria. A certain percentage of these bacteria, however, are able to break out of the phagolysosomes and enter into the cytoplasm of the cell, where they are relatively safe from the immune system. The bacteria multiply in the cell, and the Listeria is able to move to its cell surface so it can push into neighboring cells and spread.

 

 

Figs 1-7. When Listeria enters the body, it is seen as foreign by the antigen processing cells and ingested into cellular compartments called vacuolesor lysosomes, whose destructive enzymes kill most of the bacteria, fragments of which are then presented to the immune system via the exogenous pathway.

 

 

Figs 8-10 A certain percentage of bacteria are able to break out of the lysosomes and enter into the cytoplasm of the cell, where they are safe from lysosomal destruction. The bacteria multiply in the cell, and the Listeria is able to migrate into neighboring cells and spread without entering the extracellular space. Antigen produced by these bacteria enter the Class I pathway and directly stimulate a cytotoxic T cell response.

 

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It is the details of Listeria intracellular activity that are important for understanding Advaxis technology. Inside the lysosome, Listeria produces listeriolysin-O (“LLO”), a protein that digests a hole in the membrane of the lysosome that allows the bacteria to escape into the cytoplasm. Once in the cytoplasm, however, LLO is also capable of digesting a hole in the outer cell membrane. This would destroy the host cell, and spill the bacteria back out into the intercellular space where it would be exposed to more immune cell attacks and destruction. To prevent this, the body has evolved a mechanism for recognizing enzymes with this capability based upon their amino acid sequence. The sequence of approximately 30 amino acids in LLO and similar molecules is called the PEST sequence (for the predominant amino acids it contains) and it is used by normal cells to force the termination of proteins that need only have a short life in the cytoplasm. This PEST sequence serves as a routing tag that tells the cells to route the LLO in the cytoplasm and to the proteosome for digestion, which terminates its action and provides fragments that then go to the endoplasmic reticulum, where it is processed just like a protein antigen in the endogenous pathway to generate MHC-1 complexes.

 

This mechanism is used by Listeria to its benefit because the actions of LLO enable the bacteria to avoid digestion in the lysosome and escape to the cytosol where they can multiply and spread and then be neutralized so that it does not kill the host cell. Advaxis is co-opting this mechanism by creating a protein that is comprised of the cancer antigen fused to a non-hemolytic portion of the LLO molecule that contains the PEST sequence. This serves to route the molecule for accelerated proteolytic degradation which accelerates both the rate of antigen breakdown and the amount of antigen fragments available for incorporation in to MHC-1 complexes; thus increasing the stimulus to activate cytotoxic T cells against a tumor specific antigen.

 

 

Other mechanisms that Advaxis vaccines employ include Listeria’s ability to increase the synthesis of myeloid cells such as Antigen Presenting Cells (APC) and T cells, and to stimulate the maturation of immature myeloid cells to increase the number of available activated immune cells that underlie a cancer killing response. Immature myeloid cells actually inhibit the immune system and Listeria removes this inhibition. Also, Listeria and LLO both stimulate the synthesis, release, and expression of various chemicals which stimulate a therapeutic immune response. These chemicals are called cytokines, chemokines and co-stimulatory molecules. By doing this, not only are immune cells activated to kill cancers and clear them from the body, but local environments within tumors is created that support and facilitate a therapeutic response. Finally, in a manner that appears to be unique to Advaxis vaccines, our proprietary antigen-LLO fusion proteins, when delivered by Listeria do not stimulate cells caused regulatory T cells (Tregs) which are known to inhibit a therapeutic anticancer response. This does not occur when Listeria is engineered to deliver only a tumor specific antigen. The ability to reduce the effect of Tregs is currently under clinical investigation by other companies and is believed to be a significant mechanism of achieving a therapeutic response.

 

Thus, Listeria vaccines stimulate every immune pathway simultaneously. It has long been recognized that cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are the elements of the immune system that kill and clear cancer cells. The amplified CTL response to Listeria vaccines are arguably the strongest stimulator of CTL yet developed. The strength of this response is reflected in the data.

 

Also, many investigators have shown that LLO has adjuvant effects which result in the release of a variety of chemicals with in the body, and within the tumor, termed cytokines, chemokines and co-stimulatory molecules. These agents facilitate the tumor killing effects of activated T cells by creating a local tumor environment that is most conducive for these actions to occur. Taken together, this is why it is believed that live Listeria which secrete LLO and escape from the phagocytotic vacuole exerts such profound immuno-stimulatory effects, while ingested Listeria that are digested within the vacuole and do not escape don’t show these effects.

 

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Thus, what makes Advaxis live Listeria vaccines so effective are a combination of effects that stimulate multiple arms of the immune system simultaneously in a manner that generates an integrated physiologic response conducive to the killing and clearing of tumor cells. These mechanisms include:

 

	1.	Very strong innate immune response
	2.	Stimulates inordinately strong killer T cell response
	3.	Stimulates helper T cells
	4.	Stimulates release of and/or up-regulates immuno-stimulatory cytokines, chemokines, co-stimulatory molecules
	5.	Adjuvant activity creates a local tumor environment that supports anti-tumor efficacy
	6.	Minimizes inhibitory T cells (T regs) and inhibitory cytokines and shifts to Th-17 pathway
	7.	Stimulates the development and maturation of all Antigen Presenting Cells and effector T cells & reduces immature myeloid cells

 

Research and Development Program

 

Overview

 

We use genetically engineered Listeria monocytogenes as a therapeutic agent. We start with an attenuated strain of  Listeria, and then add to this bacterium a plasmid that encodes a protein sequence that includes a portion of the LLO molecule (including the PEST sequence) and the tumor antigen of interest. This protein is secreted by the Listeria inside the antigen processing cells, which then results in the immune response as discussed above.

 

We can use different tumor antigens (or other antigens: e.g. allergy or infectious disease) in this system. By varying the antigen, we create different therapeutic agents. Our lead agent, Lovaxin C, uses a Human Papillomavirus derived antigen that is present in cervical cancers. Lovaxin B uses Her2/neu, an antigen found in many breast cancer and melanoma cells, to induce an immune response that should be useful in treating these conditions. The table below shows a list of potential products and their current status:

 

Product		Indication		Stage
Lovaxin C		Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), cervical cancer, head and neck cancer		Phase I/II completed in the fiscal fourth quarter 2007. Phase II study in CIN anticipated to commence in the 3rd quarterfiscal 2008. The Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) of the National Cancer Institute has agreed to conduct a cervical cancer study timing to be determined.
Lovaxin B		Breast cancer		Preclinical; Phase I study anticipated to commence in mid fiscal 2009.
Lovaxin P		Prostate cancer		Preclinical; Phase I study anticipated to commence in the 2nd quarter fiscal 2009

 

Partnerships and Agreements

 

University of Pennsylvania

 

On July 1, 2002 (effective date) we entered into a 20-year exclusive worldwide license, with the University of Pennsylvania (Penn) with respect to the innovative work of Yvonne Paterson, Ph.D., Professor of Microbiology in the area of innate immunity, or the immune response attributable to immune cells, including dentritic cells, macrophages and natural killer cells, that respond to pathogens non-specifically. This agreement has been amended from time to time and has been amended and restated as of February 13, 2007.

 

This license, unless sooner terminated in accordance with its terms, terminates upon the later (a) expiration of the last to expire Penn patent rights; or (b) twenty years after the effective date. The license provides us with the exclusive commercial rights to the patent portfolio developed at Penn as of the effective date, in connection with Dr. Paterson and requires us to raise capital, pay various milestone, legal, filing and licensing payments to commercialize the technology. In exchange for the license, Penn received shares of our common stock which currently represents approximately 5.9% of our common stock outstanding on a fully-diluted basis. In addition, Penn is entitled to receive a non-refundable initial license fee, license fees, royalty payments and milestone payments based on net sales and percentages of sublicense fees and certain commercial milestones, as follows: Under the licensing agreement, Penn is entitled to receive 1.5% royalties on net sales in all countries. Notwithstanding these royalty rates, we have agreed to pay Penn a total of $525,000 over a three-year period as an advance minimum royalty after the first commercial sale of a product under each license (which payments we are not expecting to begin paying within the next five years). In addition, under the license, executed on February 13, 2007 we are obligated to pay an annual maintenance fee on December 31, in 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012 and each December 31 ^st thereafter for the remainder of the term of the agreement of $50,000, $70,000, $100,000, $100,000 and $100,000, respectively until the first commercial sale of a Penn licensed product. Under the amended and restated agreement we paid a total of $157,134 in license payments in addition to the $215,700 previously paid or a total of $372,834 in Penn license payments. Under the agreement prior to the amendment and restatement we were required to pay $660,000 to Penn (which amount is already reflected as an obligation on our balance sheet) upon receiving financing or on certain dates on or before December 15, 2007, whichever is earlier. Overall the amended and restated agreement payment terms reflect lower near term requirements but were more than offset by higher longer term milestone payments for the initiation of a phase III clinical trial and the regulatory approval for the first Penn Licensed Product. We are responsible for filing new patents and maintaining the existing patents licensed to use and we are obligated to reimburse Penn for all attorneys fees, expenses, official fees and other charges incurred in the preparation, prosecution and maintenance of the patents licensed from Penn.

 

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Furthermore, upon the achievement of the first sale of a product in certain fields, Penn shall be entitled to certain milestone payments, as follows: $2,500,000 shall be due for first commercial sale of the first product in the cancer field. In addition, $1,000,000 will be due upon the date of first commercial sale of a product in each of the secondary strategic fields sold. Therefore, the total potential amount of milestone payments is $3,500,000 in the cancer field.

 

As a result of our payment obligations under the license assuming we have net sales in the aggregate amount of $100 million from our cancer products, our total payments to Penn over the next ten years could reach an aggregate of $5,420,000. If over the next 10 years our net sales total an aggregate amount of only $10 million from our cancer products, total payments to Penn could reach be $4,445,000.

 

This license also grants us exclusive negotiation and exclusive options until June 17, 2009 to obtain exclusive licenses to new inventions on therapeutic vaccines developed by Drs’ Paterson and Fred Frankel and their lab. Each option is granted to us at no cost and provides a six month exercise period from the date of disclosure. Once exercised we have a 90 day period to negotiate in good faith a comprehensive license agreement at licensing fees up to $10,000. We recently exercised the option and have entered into negotiations to license approximately 28 patent applications. The license fees, legal expense, and other filing expenses for such applications are expected to cost approximately $400,000.

 

Strategically we continue to enter into sponsored research agreements with Dr. Paterson and Penn to generate new intellectual property and to exploit all existing intellectual property covered by the license.

 

Penn is not involved in management of our company or in our decisions with respect to exploitation of the patent portfolio.

 

Dr. Yvonne Paterson

 

Dr. Paterson is a Professor in the Department of Microbiology at Penn and the inventor of our licensed technology. She has been an invited speaker at national and international health field conferences and leading academic institutions. She has served on many federal advisory boards, such as the NIH expert panel to review primate centers, the Office of AIDS Research Planning Fiscal Workshop, and the Allergy and Immunology NIH Study Section. She has written over 140 publications in immunology (including a recently published book) with emphasis during the last several years on the areas of HIV, AIDS and cancer research. Her instruction and mentorship has trained over 30 post-doctoral and doctoral students in the fields of Biochemistry and Immunology, many of whom are research leaders in academia and industry.

 

Dr. Paterson is currently the principal investigator on grants from the federal government and charitable trusts totaling approximately $560,000 dollars per year and the program director of training grants totaling approximately $1.6 million per year. Her research interests are broad, but her laboratory has been focused for the past ten years on developing novel approaches for prophylactic vaccines against infectious disease and immunotherapeutic approaches to cancer. The approach of the laboratory is based on a long-standing interest in the properties of proteins that render them immunogenic and how such immunogenicity may be modulated within the body.

 

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Consulting Agreement. We entered into a renewed consulting agreement with Dr. Paterson on January 28, 2005 with an initial term expiring on January 31, 2006 with automatic renewals for up to six additional periods of six months each pursuant to which we have had access to Dr. Paterson’s consulting services for one full day per week. We are currently in our fourth renewal period. Dr. Paterson has advised us on an exclusive basis on various issues related to our technology, manufacturing issues, establishing our lab, knowledge transfer, and our long-term research and development program. Pursuant to the agreement, as of October 17, 2007,Dr. Paterson receives $7,000 per month. Upon the closing of an additional of $9 million in equity capital, Dr. Paterson’s rates shall increase to $9,000 per month. In addition, on February 1, 2005, Dr. Paterson received options to purchase 400,000 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $0.287 per share with 40,000 fully vested when granted and the remaining 360,000 options vesting equally over 48 months; provided that Dr. Paterson remains a consultant over the four year period. Since February 1, 2006 through October, 2007 she earned and accrued $40,000 in fees and on October 24, 2007 she was paid $40,000 for these fees, she holds options to purchase a total of 569,048 shares of Common Stock of which 456,548 are options exercisable within 60 days of October 31, 2007.

 

Sponsored Research Agreement. We entered into a sponsored research agreement on December 6, 2006 with Penn and Dr. Paterson under which we are obligated to pay $159,598 per year for a total period of 2 years covering the development of potential vaccine candidate based on our Listeria technology as well as other basic research projects. We intend to enter into additional sponsored research agreements with Penn in the future with respect to research and development on our product candidates.

 

We believe that Dr. Paterson’s continuing research will serve as a source of ongoing findings and data that both supports and strengthen the existing patents. Her work will expand the claims of the patent portfolio (potentially including adding claims for new tumor specific antigens, the utilization of new vectors to deliver antigens, and applying the technology to new disease conditions) and create the infrastructure for the future filing of new patents.

 

Dr. Paterson is also the chairman of our Scientific Advisory Board.

 

Dr. David Filer

 

We have entered a consulting agreement with Dr. David Filer, a biotech consultant. The Agreement commenced on January 7, 2005 and has a six month term, which was extended upon the agreement of both parties. It provides that he will provide to us for three days per month during the term of the agreement assistance on our development efforts, reviewing our scientific technical and business data and materials and introducing us to industry analysts, institutional investors collaborators and strategic partners. In consideration for the consulting services we pay Dr. Filer $2,000 per month. In addition, Dr. Filer received options to purchase 40,000 shares of common stock which are currently vested. As of October 1, 2007 we entered into a new two-year agreement to include 1,500,000 five year warrants priced at $0.20 per share of common stock, for his assistance in the raise, and a monthly fee of $5,000 to reflect his advisory services and assistance. The agreement is cancelable within 90 days notice.

 

Freemind Group LLC (“Freemind”)

 

We have entered into an agreement with Freemind to develop and manage our grant writing strategy and application program. With Advaxis to pay Freemind according to a fee structure based on achievement of grants awarded to us at the rate of 6-7% of the grant amount. Advaxis will also pay Freemind fixed consulting fees based on the type of grants submitted, ranging from $5,000-7,000 depending on the type of application submitted. Freemind has extensive experience in accessing public financing opportunities, the national SBIR and related NIH/NCI programs. Freemind has assisted us in the past to file grant applications with NIH covering the use of Lovaxin C for cervical dysplasia. We have paid Freemind as of October 31, 2007, fees aggregating $23,500.

 

University of California

 

On March 14, 2004 we entered into a nonexclusive license and bailment agreement with the Regents of the University of California (“UCLA”) to commercially develop products using the XFL7 strain of Listeria monoctyogenes in humans and animals. The agreement is effective for a period of 15 years and renewable by mutual consent of the parties. Advaxis paid UCLA an initial licensee fee and annual maintenance fees for use of the Listeria. We may not sell products using the XFL7 strain Listeria other than agreed upon products or sublicense the rights granted under the license agreement without the prior written consent of UCLA.

 

Cobra Biomanufacturing PLC

 

In July 2003, we entered into an agreement with Cobra Biomanufacturing PLC for the purpose of manufacturing our cervical cancer vaccine Lovaxin C. Cobra has extensive experience in manufacturing gene therapy products for investigational studies. Cobra is a full service manufacturing organization that manufactures and supplies DNA-based therapeutics for the pharmaceutical and biotech industry. These services include the GMP manufacturing of DNA, recombinant protein, viruses, mammalian cell products and cell banking. Cobra’s manufacturing plan for us involves several manufacturing stages, including process development, manufacturing of non-GMP material for toxicology studies and manufacturing of GMP material for the Phase I trial. The agreement to manufacture expired in December 2005 upon the delivery and completion of stability testing of the GMP material for the Phase I trial. Cobra has agreed to surrender the right to $300,000 of its existing fees for manufacturing in exchange for future royalties from the sales of Lovaxin C at the rate of 1.5% of net sales, with royalty payments not to exceed $1,950,000.

 

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In November 2005, in order to secure production of Lovaxin C on a long-term basis as well as other drug candidates which we are developing, we entered into a Strategic Collaboration and Long-Term Vaccine Supply Agreement for Listeria Cancer Vaccines, under which Cobra will manufacture experimental and commercial supplies of our Listeria cancer vaccines, beginning with Lovaxin C, our therapeutic vaccine for the treatment of cervical and head and neck cancers. This agreement leaves the existing agreement in place with respect to the studies contemplated therein, and supersedes a prior agreement and provides for mutual exclusivity, priority of supply, collaboration on regulatory issues, research and development of manufacturing processes that have already resulted in new intellectual property owned by Advaxis, and the long-term supply of live Listeria based vaccines on a discounted basis.

 

In May 2007 we entered into a research and development consulting service agreement for manufacturing work in the amount of $94,500 plus consumables. As of October 31, 2007 we’ve paid $85,657 excluding consumables.

 

In October, 2007 we entered into a production agreement with Cobra to manufacture our phase II clinical materials using a new methodology now required by the UK, and likely to be required by other regulatory bodies in the future. The contract is for $576,450 plus consumables and as of October 31, 2007 we have paid $194,408 excluding consumables.

 

LVEP Management, LLC (“LVEP”)

 

The Company entered into a consulting agreement with LVEP Management LLC dated as of January 19, 2005, and amended on April 15, 2005, and October 31, 2005, pursuant to which Mr. Roni Appel served as Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Secretary of the Company and was compensated by consulting fees paid to LVEP. LVEP is owned by the estate of Scott Flamm (deceased January 2006) previously, one of our directors and a principal shareholder. Pursuant to an amendment dated December 15, 2006 (“effective date”) Mr. Appel resigned as President and Chief Executive Officer and Secretary of the Company on the effective date, but remains as a board member and consultant to the company. The term of the agreement as amended is 24 months from effective date. Mr. Appel will devote 50% of his time over the first 12 months of the consulting period. Also as a consultant, he will be paid at a rate of $22,500 per month in addition to benefits as provided to other company officers. He will receive severance payments over an additional 12 months at a rate of $10,416.67 per month and shall be reimbursed for family health care. All his stock options became fully vested on the effective date and are exercisable over the term. Also, Mr. Appel was issued 1,000,000 shares of our common stock on January 2, 2007. He received a $250,000 bonus $100,000 paid on January 3, 2007 and the remainder was paid in October 2007.

 

Pharm-Olam International Ltd. (“POI”)

 

In April 2005, we entered into a consulting agreement with POI, based on which POI is to execute and manage our Phase I/II clinical trial in Lovaxin C with POI to contractually receive in consideration $430,000 plus reimbursement of certain expenses of $181,060. On December 13, 2006 we approved a change order reflecting the changes to the protocol the cost of which is estimated at $92,000 for a total contractual obligation of $522,000. As of October 31, 2007 we’ve paid $294,800 toward the $522,000 portion of the agreement and this agreement is still ongoing. In February 2007 we entered into a change order agreement for a pre-clinical toxicology study for $79,920 and as of October 31, 2007 we’ve paid $64,280.

 

The Investor Relations Group, Inc (“IRG”)

 

We entered into an agreement with IRG whereby IRG is to serve as an investor relations and public relations consultant. The term of this agreement is on a month to month basis. In consideration for performing its services, IRG is to be paid $10,000 per month plus out of pocket expenses, and 200,000 common shares over a period of 18 months commencing October 1, 2005, provided the agreement has not terminated. Through October 31, 2007 we issued 200,000 shares per the agreement.

 

Biologics Consulting Group, Inc. (“BCG”)

 

On June 1, 2006 we entered into an agreement with BCG to provide biologics regulatory consulting services to the Company in support of the IND submission to the FDA. The tasks to be performed under this Agreement will be agreed to in advance by the Company and BCG. The term of the agreement is from June 1, 2006 to June 1, 2007. The term of the amendment No. 1 is from June 1, 2007 to June 1, 2008.  This is a time and material agreement.

 

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MediVector, Inc.(“MI”)

 

In May 2007 we entered into a Master Service Agreement covering three projects to serve in clinical study planning, management and execution for our upcoming Phase II clinical study. The cost of the three projects are estimated to be approximately $350,000 over the term. As of October 31, 2007 we’ve paid them $47,000. The term of the projects is defined as the completion of the final study reports of the clinical trial.

 

Patents and Licenses

 

Dr. Paterson and Penn have invested significant resources and time in developing a broad base of intellectual property around the cancer vaccine platform technology to which on July 1, 2002 (effective date) we entered into a 20-year exclusive worldwide license and a right to grant sublicenses pursuant to our license agreement with Penn. Penn currently has 12 issued and 39 pending patents in the United States and other countries including Japan, Canada, Israel, Australia, and the European Union, through the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) system pursuant to which we have an exclusive license to exploit the patents. We believe that these patents will allow us to take a strong lead in the field of Listeria-based therapy.

 

United States

 

	Patents
	U.S. Patent No. 6,051,237, issued April 18, 2000. Patent Application No. 08/336,372, filed November 8, 1994 for “Specific Immunotherapy of Cancer Using a Live Recombinant Bacterial Vaccine Vector.” Expires April 18, 2017.
	U.S. Patent No. 6,565,852, issued May 20, 2003, Paterson, et al., CIP Patent Application No. 09/535,212, filed March 27, 2000 for “Specific Immunotherapy of Cancer Using a Live Recombinant Bacterial Vaccine Vector.” Expires November 8, 2014.
	U.S. Patent No. 6,099,848, issued August 8, 2000, Frankel et al., Patent Application No. 08/972,902 “Immunogenic Compositions Comprising DAL/DAT Double-Mutant, Auxotrophic, Attenuated Strains of Listeria and Their Methods of Use.” Filed November 18, 1997. Expires November 18, 2017.
	U.S. Patent No. 6,504,020, issued January 7, 2003, Frankel et al. Divisional Application No. 09/520,207 “Isolated Nucleic Acids Comprising Listeria DAL And DAT Genes”. Filed March 7, 2000, Expires November 18, 2017.
	U.S. Patent No. 6,635,749, issued October 21, 2003, Frankel, et al. Divisional U.S. Patent Application No. 10/136,253 for “Isolated Nucleic Acids Comprising Listeria DAL and DAT Genes.” Filed May 1, 2002, Expires November 18, 2017.

 

	U.S. Patent No. 5,830,702, issued November 3, 1998, Portnoy, et al. Patent Application No. 08/366,477, filed December 30, 1994 for “Live, Recombinant Listeria SSP Vaccines and Productions of Cytotoxic T Cell Response” Expires November 3, 2015.
	US Patent No. 6,767,542 issued July 27, 2004, Paterson, et al. Patent Application No. 09/735,450 for “Compositions and Methods for Enhancing Immunogenicity of Antigens.” Filed December 13, 2000. Expires March 29, 2020.
	US Patent No. 6,855,320 issued February 15, 2005, Paterson. Patent Application No. 09/537,642 for “Fusion of Non-Hemolytic, Truncated Form of Listeriolysin o to Antigens to Enhance Immunogenicity.” Filed March 29, 2000. Expires March 29, 2020.
	US Patent No. 7,135,188 issued November 14, 2006, Paterson, Patent Application No. 10/441,851 for “Methods and compositions for immunotherapy of cancer.” Filed May 20, 2003. Expires November 8, 2014.

 

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Patent Applications

 

		U.S. Patent Application No. 10/239,703 for “Compositions and Methods for Enhancing Immunogenicity of Antigens.” Filed September 24, 2002, Paterson, et al.
		U.S. Patent Application No. 20050048081, “Immunogenic Compositions Comprising DAL/DAT Double Mutant, Auxotrophic Attenuated Strains Of Listeria And Their Methods Of Use,” Filed September 11, 2003, Frankel et al.
		U.S. Patent Application No. 10/835,662, “Compositions and methods for enhancing the immunogenicity of antigens,” Filed April 30, 2004, Paterson et al.. U.S. Patent Application No. 20060135457 Methods for constructing antibiotic resistance free bacterial vaccines.Filed June 22, 2006.   U.S. Patent Application No. 20060104991 Methods for constructing antibiotic resistance free bacterial vaccines Filed May 18, 2006.

		U.S. Patent Application No. 10/949,667, “Methods and compositions for immunotherapy of cancer,” Filed September 24, 2004, Paterson et al.
		U.S. Patent Application No. 11/223,945, “Listeria-based and LLO-based vaccines,” Filed September 13, 2005, Paterson et al.   U.S. Patent Application No. 11/727,889, “Compositions and Methods Comprising a MAGE-B Antigen” Gravekamp, Paterson, Maciag. Filed March 28, 2007.
		U.S. Patent Application No. 11/798,177 “Compositions and Methods Comprising KLK3 or SOLH1 Antigens” Filed May, 10, 2007.

 

	U.S. Patent Application No. 11/376,564, “Compositions and methods for enhancing the immunogenicity of antigens,” Filed March 16, 2006, Paterson et al.
	U.S. Patent Application No. 11/376,572, “Compositions and methods for enhancing the immunogenicity of antigens,” Filed March 16, 2006, Paterson et al.
	U.S. Patent Application No. 11/373,528, “Compositions and methods for Enhancing Immunogenicity of Antigens, “Filed March 13, 2006,
	U.S. Patent Application No. 11/415,271, Methods and Compositions for Treatment of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma, “Filed May 2, 2006, Protein Vaccine of.
	U.S. Patent Application No. 10/541,614 for “Enhancing the Immunogenicity of Bioengineered Listeria Monocytogenes by Passing through Live Animal Hosts.” Filed January 8, 2004.

 

	U.S. Patent Application No. 11/203,408 for “Methods for Constructing Anitbiotic Resistance Free Vaccines.” Filed August 15, 2005.
	U.S. Patent Application No. 11/203,415 for “Methods for Constructing Anitbiotic Resistance Free Vaccines.” Filed August 15, 2005.   U.S. Patent Application No. 20070003567 for “Compositions and methods for Enhancing Immunogenicity of Antigens”. Filed January 4, 2007.   U.S. Patent Application No. 20060269561 for “Compositions and Methods For Treatment of Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma”. Filed November 30, 2006.   U.S. Patent Application No. 20060210540 for “Compositions and Methods for enhancing the immunogenicity of Antigens” Filed September 21, 2006. Use of Protein Vaccine using Act A or LLO terminal fragments.    U.S. Patent Application No. 20050118184 for, “Compositions and methods for Enhancing Immunogenicity of Antigens” Filed June 2, 2005.

 

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International

 

	Patents
	Australian Patent No. 730296, Patent Application No. 14108/99 for “Bacterial Vaccines Comprising Auxotrophic, Attenuated Strains of Listeria Expressing Heterologous Antigens.” Issued November 13, 1998. Frankel, et al. Expires November 13, 2018.
	Canadian Patent Application No. 2,309,790 for “Bacterial Vaccines Comprising Auxotrophic, Attenuated Strains of Listeria Expressing Heterologous Antigens.” Filed May 18, 2000, Frankel, et al. Issued January 9, 2007.
	Japanese Patent Application No. 515534/96, filed November 3, 1995 for “Specific Immunotherapy of Cancer Using a Live Recombinant Bacterial Vaccine Vector”, Paterson, et al. Issued August 10, 2007
	Patent Applications
	Canadian Patent Application No. 2,204,666, for “Specific Immunotherapy of Cancer Using a Live Recombinant Bacterial Vaccine Vector”. Filed November 3, 1995, Paterson et al.
	Canadian Patent Application No. 2,404,164 for “Compositions and Methods for Enhancing Immunogenicity of Antigens.” Filed March 26, 2001. Paterson, et al.
	European Patent Application No. 01928324.1 for “Compositions and Methods for Enhancing Immunogenicity of Antigens.” Filed March 26, 2001. Paterson, et al.
	European Patent Application No. 98957980.0 for “Bacterial Vaccines Comprising Auxotrophic, Attenuated Strains of Listeria Expressing Heterologous Antigens.” Filed May 18, 2000, Frankel, et al.
	Israel Patent Application No. 151942 for “Compositions and Methods for Enhancing Immunogenicity of Antigens.” Filed March 26, 2001, Paterson, et al.
	Japanese Patent Application No. 2001-570290 for “Compositions and Methods for Enhancing Immunogenicity of Antigens.” Filed March 26, 2001, Paterson, et al.
	PCT International Patent Application No. PCT/US06/44681 for “Methods For Producing, Growing, And Preserving Listeria Vaccine Vectors.” Filed November 16, 2006, Rothman, et al.
	Canadian Patent Application No. 2,581,331 for “Listeria-Based and LLO-Based Vaccines.” Filed September 14, 2005.

 

		European Patent Application No. 5811815.9 for “Listeria-Based and LLO-Based Vaccines.” Filed September 14, 2005.
		Japanese Patent Application No. 2007-533537 for “Listeria-Based and LLO-Based Vaccines.” Filed September 14, 2005.
		PCT International Patent Application No. PCT/US07/06292 “Compositions and Methods for Enhancing the Immunogenicity of Antigens.” Filed March 13, 2007
		Australian Patent Application No. 20044204751 for “Enhancing the Immunogenicity of Bioengineered Listeria Monocytogenes by Passing through Live Animal Hosts.” Filed January 8, 2004.
		Canadian Patent Application No. 2512812 for “Enhancing the Immunogenicity of Bioengineered Listeria Monocytogenes by Passing through Live Animal Hosts.” Filed January 8, 2004
		European Patent Application No. 1594560 for “Enhancing the Immunogenicity of Bioengineered Listeria Monocytogenes by Passing through Live Animal Hosts.” Filed January 8, 2004
		Hong Kong Patent Application No. 6104227.1 for “Enhancing the Immunogenicity of Bioengineered Listeria Monocytogenes by Passing through Live Animal Hosts.” Filed January 8, 2004
		Israeli Patent Application No. 169553 for “Enhancing the Immunogenicity of Bioengineered Listeria Monocytogenes by Passing through Live Animal Hosts.” Filed January 8, 2004
		Japanese Patent Application No. 2006-500840 for “Enhancing the Immunogenicity of Bioengineered Listeria Monocytogenes by Passing through Live Animal Hosts.” Filed January 8, 2004
		Australian Patent No. 2005271247 for “Antibiotic Resistance Free DNA Vaccines.” Filed August 15, 2005
		Canadian Patent Application No. 2577270 for “Antibiotic Resistance Free DNA Vaccines.” Filed August 15, 2005

 

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		European Patent Application No. 5810446.4 for “Antibiotic Resistance Free DNA Vaccines.” Filed August 15, 2005
		Japanese Patent Application No. 2007-525862 for “Antibiotic Resistance Free DNA Vaccines.” Filed August 15, 2005
		Australian Patent Application No. 2005271246 for “Methods for Constructing Antibiotic Resistance Free Vaccines.” Filed August 15, 2005
		Canadian Patent Application No. 2,577,306 for “Methods for Constructing Antibiotic Resistance Free Vaccines.” Filed August 15, 2005
		European Patent Application No. EP05808671.1 for “Methods for Constructing Antibiotic Resistance Free Vaccines.” Filed August 15, 2005
		Japanese Patent Application No. 2007-525867 for “Methods for Constructing Antibiotic Resistance Free Vaccines.” Filed August 15, 2005
		PCT International Patent Application.No. PCT/US06/43987 “LLO-Encoding DNA/Nucleic Acid Vaccines and Methods Comprising Same.” Filed November 13, 2006

 

United States

 

In 2001, an issue arose regarding the inventorship of U.S. Patent 6,565,852 and U.S. Patent Application No. 09/537,642. These patent rights are included in the patent rights licensed by Advaxis from Penn. It is contemplated by GSK, Penn and us that the issue will be resolved through:  (1) a correction of inventorship to add certain GSK inventors, (2) where necessary and appropriate, an assignment of GSK’s possible rights under these patent rights to Penn, and (3) a sublicense from us to GSK of certain subject matter, which is not central to our business plan. To date, this arrangement has not been finalized and we cannot assure that this issue will ultimately be resolved in the manner described above.

 

Pursuant to our license with Penn, we have an option to license from Penn any new future invention conceived by either Dr. Yvonne Paterson or by Dr. Fred Frankel in the vaccine area until June 17, 2009. We intend to expand our intellectual property base by exercising this option and gaining access to future inventions. Further, our consulting agreement with Dr. Paterson provides, among other things, that, to the extent that Dr. Paterson’s consulting work results in new inventions, such inventions will be assigned to Penn, and we will have access to those inventions under license agreements to be negotiated. See “Business - Partnerships and agreements - Penn.”

 

Our approach to the intellectual property portfolio is to aggressively create significant offensive and defensive patent protection for every product and technology platform that we develop. We work closely with our patent counsel to maintain a coherent and aggressive strategic approach to building our patent portfolio with an emphasis in the field of cancer vaccines.

 

We have become aware of a public company, Cerus Corporation, which has issued a press release claiming to have a proprietary Listeria -based approach to a cancer vaccine. We believe that through our exclusive license with Penn of U.S. Patent Nos. 5,830,702, 6,051,237 and 6,565,852, we have earliest known and dominant patent position in the United States for the use of recombinant Listeria monocytogenes expressing proteins or tumor antigens as a vaccine for the treatment of infectious diseases and tumors. Based on searches of publicly available databases, we do not believe that Cerus or The University of California Berkeley (which is where Cerus’ consulting scientist works) or any other third party owns any published Listeria patents or has any issued patent claims that might materially negatively affect our freedom to operate our business as currently contemplated in the field of recombinant Listeria monocytogenes.

 

Cerus has filed an opposition against European Patent Application Number 0790835 (EP 835 Patent) which was granted by the European Patent Office and which is assigned to The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania and exclusively licensed to us. Cerus’ allegations in the Opposition are that the EP 835 Patent, which claims a vaccine for inducing a tumor specific antigen with a recombinant live Listeria, is deficient because of (i) insufficient disclosure in the specifications of the granted claims, (ii) the inclusion of additional subject matter in the granted claims, and (iii) a lack of inventive steps of the granted claims of the EP 835 Patent. This patent does not affect the manner in which Advaxis makes or uses it’s vaccine products but would preclude Cerus from using certain methodologies they require.

 

On November 29, 2006, following oral proceedings, the Opposition Division of the European Patent Office determined that the claims of the patent as granted should be revoked due to lack of inventive step under European Patent Office rules based on certain prior art publications. This decision has no material effect upon our ability to conduct business as currently contemplated.

 

We have reviewed the formal written decision and filed an appeal on May 29, 2007. As of November 28, 2007 no ruling has been made. There is no assurance that we will be successful. If such ruling is upheld on appeal, our patent position in Europe may be eroded. The likely result of this decision will be increased competition for us in the European market for recombinant live Listeria based vaccines for tumor specific antigens. Regardless of the outcome, we believe that our freedom to operate in Europe, or any other territory, for recombinant live Listeria based vaccine for tumor specific antigen products will not be diminished.

 

Lovaxin has been registered as a trademark in Israel, Australia, South Korea, Hong Kong and Taiwan.

 

The U.S. trademark application for Lovaxin has been allowed by the United States Patent and Trademark Office. Trademark applications in China and in the European Union for Lovaxin are also pending. The Chinese application was recently published for opposition, and the European Union application has passed through the opposition stage.

 

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The Canadian trademark application for Lovaxin has been opposed by Aventis Pharma S.A.  That opposition proceeding is pending.

 

In 2006, Nycomed Pharma, of Sweden, claimed owner of the mark Levaxin, filed an opposition to our CTM (European Union) application to register Lovaxin. The opposition was refused solely on procedural grounds.  If our CTM application is ultimately granted, Nycomed Pharma may file to cancel such registration of Lovaxin. Nycomed Pharma has also demanded that we cease to use Lovaxin in Sweden.

 

The U.S. trademark applications for Advaxis and for Advaxis and design, Serial Nos. 78/252527 and 78/252586, have been withdrawn. Oppositions to those applications have been terminated in favor of Aventis, Inc.

 

Governmental Regulation

 

The Drug Development Process

 

The FDA requires that pharmaceutical and certain other therapeutic products undergo significant clinical experimentation and clinical testing prior to their marketing or introduction to the general public. Clinical testing, known as clinical trials or clinical studies, is either conducted internally by pharmaceutical or biotechnology companies or is conducted on behalf of these companies by contract research organizations.

 

The process of conducting clinical studies is highly regulated by the FDA, as well as by other governmental and professional bodies. Below, we describe the principal framework in which clinical studies are conducted, as well as describe a number of the parties involved in these studies.

 

Protocols. Before commencing human clinical studies, the sponsor of a new drug must typically receive governmental and institutional approval. In the US Federal approval is obtained by submitting an investigational new drug application, or IND, to the FDA. The application contains what is known in the industry as a protocol. A protocol is the blueprint for each drug study. The protocol sets forth, among other things, the following:

 

·

who must be recruited as qualified participants;

 

·

how often, and how to administer the drug;

 

·

what tests to perform on the participants; and

 

·

what dosage of the drug to give to the participants.

 

Institutional Review Board (Ethics Committee). An institutional review board is an independent committee of professionals and lay persons which reviews clinical research studies involving human beings and is required to adhere to guidelines issued by the FDA. The institutional review board does not report to the FDA, but its records are audited by the FDA. Its members are not appointed by the FDA. All clinical studies must be approved by an institutional review board. The institutional review board is convened by the institution where the protocol will be conducted and its role is to protect the rights of the participants in the clinical studies. It must approve the protocols to be used, and then oversees the conduct of the study, including: the communications which the company or contract research organization conducting the study at that specific site proposes to use to recruit participants, and the form of consent which the participants will be required to sign prior to their participation in the clinical studies.

 

Clinical Trials. Human clinical studies or testing of a potential product prior to Federal approval are generally done in three stages known as Phase I through Phase III testing. The names of the phases are derived from the CFR 21 that regulates the FDA. Generally, there are multiple studies conducted in each phase.

 

Phase I. Phase I studies involve testing a drug or product on a limited number of healthy participants, typically 24 to 100 people at a time. Phase I studies determine a drug’s basic safety and how the drug is absorbed by, and eliminated from, the body. This phase lasts an average of six months to a year. Cancer drugs, however, are a special case, as they are not given to normal healthy people. Typically, cancer therapeutics are initially tested on very late stage cancer patients.

 

Phase II. Phase II trials involve testing up to 200 participants at a time who may suffer from the targeted disease or condition. Phase II testing typically lasts an average of one to three years. In Phase II, the drug is tested to determine its safety and effectiveness for treating a specific illness or condition. Phase II testing also involves determining acceptable dosage levels of the drug. If Phase II studies show that a new drug has an acceptable range of safety risks and probable effectiveness, a company will continue to review the substance in Phase III studies. It is during phase II that everything that goes into a phase III test is determined.

 

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Phase III. Phase III studies involve testing large numbers of participants, typically several hundred to several thousand persons. The purpose is to verify effectiveness and long-term safety on a large scale. These studies generally last two to six years. Phase III studies are conducted at multiple locations or sites. Like the other phases, Phase III requires the site to keep detailed records of data collected and procedures performed.

 

New Drug Approval. The results of the clinical trials are submitted to the FDA as part of a new drug application (“NDA”) or Biologics License Application (BLA).   Following the completion of Phase III studies, assuming the sponsor of a potential product in the United States believes it has sufficient information to support the safety and effectiveness of its product, it submits an NDA or BLA to the FDA requesting that the product be approved for marketing. The application is a comprehensive, multi-volume filing that includes the results of all preclinical and clinical studies, information about the drug’s composition, and the sponsor’s plans for producing, packaging, labeling and testing the product. The FDA’s review of an application can take a few months to many years, with the average review lasting 18 months. Once approved, drugs and other products may be marketed in the United States, subject to any conditions imposed by the FDA.

 

Phase IV. The FDA may require that the sponsor conduct additional clinical trials following new drug approval. The purpose of these trials, known as Phase IV studies, is to monitor long-term risks and benefits, study different dosage levels or evaluate safety and effectiveness. In recent years, the FDA has increased its reliance on these trials. Phase IV studies usually involve thousands of participants. Phase IV studies also may be initiated by the company sponsoring the new drug to gain broader market value for an approved drug. For example, large-scale trials may also be used to prove effectiveness and safety of new forms of drug delivery for approved drugs. Examples may be using an inhalation spray versus taking tablets or a sustained-release form of medication versus capsules taken multiple times per day.

 

The drug approval process is time-consuming, involves substantial expenditures of resources, and depends upon a number of factors, including the severity of the illness in question, the availability of alternative treatments, and the risks and benefits demonstrated in the clinical trials.

 

On November 21, 1997, former President Clinton signed into law the Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act. That act codified the FDA’s policy of granting “Fast Track” approval for cancer therapies and other therapies intended to treat serious or life threatening diseases and that demonstrate the potential to address unmet medical needs. The Fast Track program emphasizes close, early communications between FDA and the sponsor to improve the efficiency of preclinical and clinical development, and to reach agreement on the design of the major clinical efficacy studies that will be needed to support approval. Under the Fast Track program, a sponsor also has the option to submit and receive review of parts of the NDA or BLA on a rolling schedule approved by FDA, which expedites the review process.

 

The FDA’s Guidelines for Industry Fast Track Development Programs require that a clinical development program must continue to meet the criteria for Fast Track designation for an application to be reviewed under the Fast Track Program. Previously, the FDA approved cancer therapies primarily based on patient survival rates or data on improved quality of life. While the FDA could consider evidence of partial tumor shrinkage, which is often part of the data relied on for approval, such information alone was usually insufficient to warrant approval of a cancer therapy, except in limited situations. Under the FDA’s new policy, which became effective on February 19, 1998, Fast Track designation ordinarily allows a product to be considered for accelerated approval through the use of surrogate endpoints to demonstrate effectiveness. As a result of these provisions, the FDA has broadened authority to consider evidence of partial tumor shrinkage or other surrogate endpoints of clinical benefit for approval. This new policy is intended to facilitate the study of cancer therapies and shorten the total time for marketing approvals. Under accelerated approval, the manufacturer must continue with the clinical testing of the product after marketing approval to validate that the surrogate endpoint did predict meaningful clinical benefit. To the extent applicable we intend to take advantage of the Fast Track programs to obtain accelerated approval on our future products; however, it is too early to tell what effect, if any, these provisions may have on the approval of our product candidates.

 

The Orphan Drug Act provides incentives to develop and market drugs (“Orphan Drugs”) for rare disease conditions in the United States. A drug that receives Orphan Drug designation and is the first product to receive FDA marketing approval for its product claim is entitled to a seven-year exclusive marketing period in the United States for that product claim. A drug which is considered by the FDA to be different than such FDA-approved Orphan Drug is not barred from sale in the United States during such exclusive marketing period even if it receives approval for the same claim. We can provide no assurance that the Orphan Drug Act’s provisions will be the same at the time of the approval, if any, of our products.

 

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Other Regulations

 

Various Federal and state laws, regulations, and recommendations relating to safe working conditions, laboratory practices, the experimental use of animals, and the purchase, storage, movements, import, export, use, and disposal of hazardous or potentially hazardous substances, including radioactive compounds and infectious disease agents, are used in connection with our research or applicable to our activities. They include, among others, the United States Atomic Energy Act, the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, the Occupational Safety and Health Act, the National Environmental Policy Act, the Toxic Substances Control Act, and Resources Conservation and Recovery Act, national restrictions on technology transfer, import, export, and customs regulations, and other present and possible future local, state, or federal regulation. The extent of governmental regulation which might result from future legislation or administrative action cannot be accurately predicted.

 

Manufacturing

 

The FDA requires that any drug or formulation to be tested in humans be manufactured in accordance with its Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) regulations. This has been extended to include any drug which will be tested for safety in animals in support of human testing. The GMPs set certain minimum requirements for procedures, record-keeping, and the physical characteristics of the laboratories used in the production of these drugs.

 

We have entered into a Long Term Vaccine Supply Agreement with Cobra Biomanufacturing PLC for the purpose of manufacturing our vaccines. Cobra has extensive experience in manufacturing gene therapy products for investigational studies. Cobra is a full service manufacturing organization that manufactures and supplies DNA-based therapeutics for the pharmaceutical and biotech industry. These services include the GMP manufacturing of DNA, recombinant protein, viruses, mammalian cells products and cell banking. Cobra’s manufacturing plan for us calls for several manufacturing stages, including process development, manufacturing of non-GMP material for toxicology studies and manufacturing of GMP material for the Phase I and Phase II trial.

 

Competition

 

The biotechnology and biopharmaceutical industries are characterized by rapid technological developments and a high degree of competition. As a result, our actual or proposed products could become obsolete before we recoup any portion of our related research and development and commercialization expenses. The biotechnology and biopharmaceutical industries are highly competitive, and this competition comes from both from biotechnology firms and from major pharmaceutical and chemical companies, including Antigenics, Inc., Avi BioPharma, Inc., Biomira, Inc., Cellgenesis Inc., Biovest International, Cell Genesys, Inc., Cerus Corporation, Dendreon Corporation, Epimmune, Inc., Genzyme Corp., Progenics Pharmaceuticals, Inc., and Vical Incorporated each of which is pursuing cancer vaccines. Many of these companies have substantially greater financial, marketing, and human resources than we do (including, in some cases, substantially greater experience in clinical testing, manufacturing, and marketing of pharmaceutical products). We also experience competition in the development of our products from universities and other research institutions and compete with others in acquiring technology from such universities and institutions. In addition, certain of our products may be subject to competition from products developed using other technologies, some of which have completed numerous clinical trials.

 

We expect that our products under development and in clinical trials will address major markets within the cancer sector. Our competition will be determined in part by the potential indications for which drugs are developed and ultimately approved by regulatory authorities. Additionally, the timing of market introduction of some of our potential products or of competitors’ products may be an important competitive factor. Accordingly, the relative speed with which we can develop products, complete preclinical testing, clinical trials and approval processes and supply commercial quantities to market are expected to be important competitive factors. We expect that competition among products approved for sale will be based on various factors, including product efficacy, safety, reliability, availability, price and patent position. See “Business - Research and Development Programs” and “Business - Competition”.

 

We have become aware of a public company, Cerus Corporation, which has issued a press release claiming to have a proprietary Listeria -based approach to a cancer vaccine. We believe that through our exclusive license with Penn, we have earlier priority filing dates of certain applications and a dominant patent position for the use of recombinant Listeria monocytogenes expressing proteins or tumor antigens as a vaccine for the treatment of infectious diseases and tumors. Based on searches of publicly available databases, we do not believe that Cerus or The University of California Berkeley (which is where Cerus’ consulting scientist works) or any other third party owns any published Listeria patents or has any issued patent claims that might materially negatively affect our freedom to operate our business as currently contemplated in the field of recombinant Listeria monocytogenes.

 

Cerus has filed an opposition against European Patent Application Number 0790835 (EP 835 Patent) which was granted by the European Patent Office and which is assigned to The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania and exclusively licensed to us. Cerus’ allegations in the Opposition are that the EP 835 Patent, which claims a vaccine for inducing a tumor specific antigen with a recombinant live Listeria, is deficient because of (i) insufficient disclosure in the specifications of the granted claims, (ii) the inclusion of additional subject matter in the granted claims, and (iii) a lack of inventive steps of the granted claims of the EP 835 Patent.

 

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On November 29, 2006, following oral proceedings, the Opposition Division of the European Patent Office determined that the claims of the patent as granted should be revoked due to lack of inventive step under European Patent Office rules based on certain prior art publications. This decision has no material effect upon our ability to conduct business as currently contemplated, as this patent does not affect the manner in which Advaxis makes or uses it’s vaccine products but would preclude Cerus from using certain methodologies they require.

 

We have reviewed the formal written decision and have filed an appeal. There is no assurance that we will be successful. If such ruling is upheld on appeal, our patent position in Europe may be eroded. The likely result of this decision will be increased competition for us in the European market for recombinant live Listeria based vaccines for tumor specific antigens. Regardless of the outcome, we believe that our freedom to operate in Europe, or any other territory, for recombinant live Listeria based vaccine for tumor specific antigen products will not be diminished.

 

For more information about Cerus Corporation and its claims with respect to Listeria -based technology, you should visit their web site at www.cerus.com or to view its publicly filed documents.

 

Scientific Advisory Board

 

We maintain a scientific advisory board consisting of internationally recognized scientists who advise us on scientific and technical aspects of our business. The scientific advisory board meets periodically to review specific projects and to assess the value of new technologies and developments to us. In addition, individual members of the scientific advisory board meet with us periodically to provide advice in particular areas of expertise. The scientific advisory board consists of the following members, information with respect to whom is set forth below: Yvonne Paterson, Ph.D.; Carl June, M.D.; Pramod Srivastava, Ph.D.; Bennett Lorber, M.D. and David Weiner, Ph.D.

 

Dr. Yvonne Paterson. For a description of our relationship with Dr. Paterson, please see above.

 

Carl June, M.D. Dr. June is currently Director of Translational Research at the Abramson Cancer Center at Penn, and is an Investigator of the Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute. He is a graduate of the Naval Academy in Annapolis, and Baylor College of Medicine in Houston. He had graduate training in immunology and malaria with Dr. Paul-Henri Lambert at the World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland from 1978 to 1979, and post-doctoral training in transplantation biology with Dr. E. Donnell Thomas at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle from 1983 to 1986. He is board certified in Internal Medicine and Medical Oncology. Dr. June founded the Immune Cell Biology Program and was head of the Department of Immunology at the Naval Medical Research Institute from 1990 to 1995. Dr. June rose to Professor in the Departments of Medicine and Cell and Molecular Biology at the Uniformed Services University for the Health Sciences in Bethesda, Maryland before assuming his current positions as of February 1, 1999. Dr. June maintains a research laboratory that studies various mechanisms of lymphocyte activation that relate to immune tolerance and adoptive immunotherapy.

 

Pramod Srivastava, Ph.D. Dr. Srivastava is Professor of Immunology at the University of Connecticut School of Medicine, where he is also Director of the Center for Immunotherapy of Cancer and Infectious Diseases. He holds the Physicians Health Services Chair in Cancer Immunology at the University. Professor Srivastava is the Scientific Founder of Antigenics, Inc. He serves on the Scientific Advisory Council of the Cancer Research Institute, New York, and was a member of the Experimental Immunology Study Section of the National Institutes of Health of the U.S. Government (1994 to 1999). He serves presently on the Board of Directors of two privately held companies: Ikonisys (New Haven, Connecticut) and CambriaTech (Lugano, Switzerland). In 1997, he was inducted into the Roll of Honor of the International Union Against Cancer and was listed in Who’s Who in Science and Engineering. He is among the 20 founding members of the Academy of Cancer Immunology, New York. Dr. Srivastava obtained his bachelor’s degree in biology and chemistry and a master’s degree in botany (paleontology) from the University of Allahabad, India. He then studied yeast genetics at Osaka University, Japan. He completed his Ph.D. in biochemistry at the Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India, where he began his work on tumor immunity, including identification of the first proteins that can mediate tumor rejection. He trained at Yale University and Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research. Dr. Srivastava has held faculty positions at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine and Fordham University in New York City.

 

Bennett Lorber, M.D. Dr. Lorber attended Swarthmore College where he studied zoology and art history. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and did his residency in internal medicine and fellowship in infectious diseases at Temple University, following which he joined the Temple faculty. At Temple he rose through the ranks to become Professor of Medicine and, in 1988, was named the first recipient of the Thomas Durant Chair in Medicine. He is also a Professor of Microbiology and Immunology and serves as the Chief of the Section of Infectious Diseases. He is a Fellow of the American College of Physicians, a Fellow of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, and a Fellow of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia where he serves as College Secretary and as a member of the Board of Trustees. Dr. Lorber’s major interest in infectious diseases is in human listeriosis, an area in which he is regarded as an international authority. He has also been interested in the impact of societal changes on infectious disease patterns as well the relationship between infectious agents and chronic illness, and he has authored papers exploring these associations. He has been repeatedly honored for his teaching; among his honors are 10 golden apples, the Temple University Great Teacher Award, the Clinical Practice Award from the Pennsylvania College of Internal Medicine, and the Bristol Award from the Infectious Diseases Society of America. On two occasions the graduating medical school class dedicated their yearbook to Dr. Lorber. In 1996 he was the recipient of an honorary Doctor of Science degree from Swarthmore College.

 

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David B. Weiner, Ph.D.  Dr. David Weiner received his B.S in Biology from the State University of New York and performed undergraduate research in the Department of Microbiology, Chaired by Dr. Arnie Levine, at Stony Brook University. He completed his MS. and Ph.D. in Developmental Biology/Immunology from the Children’s Hospital Research Foundation at the University of Cincinnati in 1986. He completed his Post Doctoral Fellowship in the Department of Pathology at the University of Pennsylvania in 1989, under the direction of Dr. Mark Greene. At that time he joined the Faculty at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia. He was recruited back to the University of Pennsylvania in 1994. He is currently an Associate Professor with Tenure in the Department of Pathology, and he is the Associate Chair of the Gene Therapy and Vaccines Graduate Program at the University of Pennsylvania. Of relevance during his career he has worked extensively in the areas of molecular immunology, the development of vaccines and vaccine technology for infectious diseases and in the area of molecular oncology and immune therapy. His laboratory is considered one of the founders of the field of DNA vaccines as his group not only was the first to report on the use of this technology for vaccines against HIV, but was also the first group to advance DNA vaccine technology to clinical evaluation. In addition he has worked on the identification of novel approaches to inhibit HIV infection by targeting the accessory gene functions of the virus. Dr. Weiner has authored over 260 articles in peer reviewed journals and is the author of 28+ awarded US patents as well as their international counterparts. He has served and still serves on many national and international review boards and panels including NIH Study section, WHO advisory panels, the NIBSC, Department of Veterans Affairs Scientific Review Panel, as well as the FDA Advisory panel - CEBR, and AACTG among others. He also serves or has served in an advisory capacity to several Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Companies. Dr. Weiner has, through training of young people in his laboratory, advanced over 35 undergraduate scientists to Medical School or Doctoral Programs and has trained 28 Post Doctoral Fellows and 7 Doctoral Candidates as well as served on 14 Doctoral Student Committees.

 

Employees

 

As of October 31, 2007, we employ nine employees, all of whom are on a full-time basis. Of these nine employees eight employees hold the following degrees: (1 MD/PhD, 4 PhD’s 1 MS & 2 BS) five serve in the research and one serves in the clinical development area and three serve in the general and administration area.

 

Our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Tom Moore joined our company on December 15, 2006. Mr. Roni Appel previously served as our President and Chief Executive Officer during the fiscal year 2006 resigned from this position on December 15, 2006. Mr. Appel still serves as a board of director member and remains as consultant to the company until December 15, 2007.

 

Dr. John Rothman our Vice President of Clinical and Officer joined the company on March 7, 2005. Fred Cobb our Vice President, Finance and Principal Financial Officer joined the company on February 20, 2006. Doctor Vafa Shahabi our Director of Research and Development joined the company on March 1, 2005. Two of our Senior Scientists joined the company from Doctor Paterson’s lab at Penn.

 

We anticipate increasing the number of employees in the clinical area and the research and development area to support clinical requirements, and in the general and administrative and business development areas over the next two years.

 

Facilities

 

Our corporate offices are currently located at a biotech industrial park located at 675 Rt. 1, Suite B113, North Brunswick, NJ 08902. We have entered into a lease effective June 1, 2005: and certain lease amendments as of November 15, 2005 and a second Lease Amendment as of March 15, 2006 and a third lease amendment as of October 1, 2006 with the New Jersey Economic Development Authority (NJEDA) which will continue on a monthly basis at for two research and development Laboratory units (total of 1,600 s.f.) and two offices (total of 250 s.f.). Our facility will be sufficient for our near term purposes and the facility offers additional space for our foreseeable future. Our monthly payment on this facility is approximately $6,000 per month. The term of the lease expires on May 31, 2008 and upon mutual consent, this lease may be renewed for one year. NJEDA billed the company for a one time Milestone Rent based on raising greater than $1MM but less than $5MM equity raise. The company paid $2,500 for this milestone for the conversion of the debenture into the equity. In the event that our facility should, for any reason, become unavailable, we believe that alternative facilities are available at competitive rates.

 

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Compensation Committee Interlocks And Insider Participation

 

There were no interlocking relationships between us and other entities that might affect the determination of the compensation of its directors and executive officers.

 

MARKET FOR OUR COMMON STOCK AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

 

Since July 28, 2005, our Common Stock has quoted on the OTC:BB symbol ADXS. The following table shows, for the periods indicated, the high and low sales prices per share of our Common Stock as reported by the OTC:BB. As of December 31, 2007 there were approximately 132 stockholders of record and the closing sale price of Advaxis common stock $0.17 per share as reported by the OTC:BB.

 

Common Stock

 

		Fiscal 2007						Fiscal 2006						Fiscal 2005
		High			Low			High			Low			High			Low
First Quarter November 1- January 31		$	0.213		$	0.14		$	0.27		$	0.16			N/A			N/A
Second Quarter February 1- April 30		$	0.54		$	0.15		$	0.37		$	0.21			N/A			N/A
Third Quarter May 1 - July 31		$	0.36		$	0.24		$	0.30		$	0.17		$	1.25		$	0.35
Fourth Quarter August 1, - October 31		$	0.27		$	0.10		$	0.25		$	0.13		$	0.52		$	0.15

Equity Compensation Plans (1)

Plan Category		Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights (a)			Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights (b)			Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a)) (c)
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders			7,511,442(2	)	$	0.22			470,083
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders			1,001,399(3	)	$	0.143			-
Total			8,512,841						470,083

 

(1) As of October 31, 2007

 

(2) The Company’s 2004 and 2005 Stock Option Plan

 

(3) Options granted outside of plans

 

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

 

This Management’s Discussion and Analysis and Results of Operations and other portions of this prospectus contain forward-looking information that involves risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated by the forward-looking information. Factors that may cause such differences include, but are not limited to, availability and cost of financial resources, product demand, market acceptance and other factors discussed in this prospectus under the heading “Risk Factors”. This Management’s Discussion and Analysis and Results of Operations should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this Prospectus.

 

Overview

 

We are a biotechnology company utilizing multiple mechanisms of immunity with the intent to develop cancer vaccines that are more effective and safer than existing vaccines. We believe that by using our licensed Listeria System to engineer a live attenuated Listeria monocytogenes bacteria to secrete a protein sequence containing a tumor-specific antigen, we will enable the body’s immune system to process and recognize the antigen as if it were foreign, creating the immune response needed to attack the cancer. The licensed Listeria System, developed at Penn over the past 10 years, provides a scientific basis for believing that this therapeutic approach induces a significant immune response to the tumor. Accordingly, we believe that the Listeria System is a broadly enabling platform technology that can be applied in many cancers, infectious diseases and auto-immune disorders.

 

Our therapeutic approach is based upon, and we have obtained an exclusive license with respect to, the innovative work of Yvonne Paterson, Ph.D., Professor of Microbiology at Penn involving the creation of genetically engineered Listeria that stimulate the innate immune system and induce an antigen-specific immune response involving humoral and cellular components.

 

We have focused our initial development efforts on four lead compounds and completed a Phase I/II clinical study of Lovaxin C, a potential cervical cancer vaccine, in the fourth fiscal quarter 2007. See “Business - Research and Development Program”

 

We were originally incorporated in the state of Colorado on June 5, 1987 under the name Great Expectations, Inc. We were administratively dissolved on January 1, 1997 and restated on June 18, 1998 under the name Great Expectations and Associates, Inc. In 1999, we became a reporting company under the Exchange, as amended. We were a publicly-traded “shell” company without any business until November 12, 2004, when we acquired Advaxis through the Share Exchange, as a result of which Advaxis become our wholly-owned subsidiary and our sole operating company. We then changed our name to Advaxis. On March 29, 2006, we merged into Advaxis (the subsidiary) and thereby changed our state in incorporation from the state of Colorado to the state of Delaware. For financial reporting purposes, we have treated the Share Exchange as a recapitalization. As a result of the foregoing as well as the fact that the Share Exchange is treated as a recapitalization of Advaxis rather than as a business combination, the historical financial statements of Advaxis became our historical financial statements after the Share Exchange.

 

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On November 12, 2004, December 8, 2004 and January 4, 2005 (the “Three Tranche Private Placement) we effected a private placement to “accredited investors”, as defined in Rule 501(a) of Regulation D under the Securities Act of an aggregate of 11,334,495 shares of our common stock and warrants to purchase an aggregate of 11,334,495 additional shares for net proceeds of approximately $3,253,000.

 

On November 12, 2004, $595,000 of our promissory notes plus accrued interest was converted into an aggregate of 2,136,441 shares of our common stock and warrants to purchase 2,223,549 shares of our common stock.

 

On January 12, 2005, we effected a private placement to an accredited investor for approximately $1,100,000 of 3,832,753 shares of our common stock and warrants to purchase 3,832,753 additional shares.

 

On February 2, 2006 we sold to Cornell Capital Partners (“Cornell”), $3,000,000 principal amount of our Secured Convertible Debentures due February 1, 2009 ($1,500,000 on February 2, 2006 and $1,500,000 on March 8, 2006) bearing interest at 6% per annum payable at maturity and issued it warrants to purchase 4,500,000 shares or our common stock. The net proceeds were approximately $2,740,000.

 

On August 24, 2007, we issued and sold an aggregate of $600,000 principal amount promissory notes bearing interest at a rate of 12% per annum and warrants to purchase an aggregate of 150,000 shares of our common stock to three investors including Thomas Moore, our Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Moore invested $400,000 and received warrants for the purchase of 100,000 shares of Common Stock. The promissory note and accrued but unpaid interest thereon are convertible at the option of the holder into shares of our common stock upon the closing by the Company of a sale of its equity securities aggregating $3,000,000 or more in gross proceeds to the Company at a conversion rate which shall be the greater of a price at which such equity securities were sold or the price per share of the last reported trade of our common stock on the market on which the common stock is then listed, as quoted by Bloomberg LP. At any time prior to conversion, we have the right to prepay the promissory notes and accrued but unpaid interest thereon. Mr. Moore converted his $400,000 bridge investment into 2,666,667 shares of common stock and 2,000,000 $0.20 Warrants based on the terms of the Private Placement. He was paid $7,101.37 interest in cash.

 

On October 17, 2007, we effected a private placement to accredited investors for approximately 49,228,334 shares of common stock and warrants to purchase 36,921,250 additional shares. Concurrent with the closing of the private placement, we sold for $1,996,666.66 to CAMOFI Master LDC and CAMHZN Master LDC an aggregate of (i) 10,000,000 shares of Common Stock, (ii) 10,000,000 $0.20 Warrants, and (iii) 5-year warrants to purchase an additional 3,333,333 shares of Common Stock at a purchase price of $0.001/share. Both warrants provide that they may not be exercised if, following the exercise, the holder will be deemed to be the beneficial owner of more than 9.99% of Registrant’s outstanding shares of Common Stock.

 

Pursuant to an advisory agreement dated August 1, 2007 with Centrecourt, Centrecourt provided various strategic advisory services to the Company in consideration thereof. Registrant paid Centrecourt $328,000 in cash and issued 2,483,333 $0.20 Warrants to Centrecourt, which Centrecourt assigned to the two affiliates.

 

At the closing of the private placement, we exercised our right under an agreement dated August 23, 2007 with YA Global Investments, L.P. f/k/a Cornell Capital Partners, L.P. (“Yorkville”), to redeem the outstanding $1,700,000 principal amount of our Secured Convertible Debentures due February 1, 2009 owned by Yorkville, and to acquire from Yorkville warrants expiring February 1, 2011 to purchase an aggregate of 4,500,000 shares of Common Stock. We paid an aggregate of (i) $2,289,999.01 to redeem the debentures at the principal amount plus a 20% premium and accrued and unpaid interest, and (ii) $600,000 to repurchase the warrants.

 

Plan of Operations

 

We intend to use a significant portion of the proceeds of the sales described above to conduct a Phase II clinical trial in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) using Lovaxin C, one of our lead product candidates in development using our Listeria System. We also have used the funds to further expand our clinical, research and development teams to further develop the product candidates and to expand our manufacturing capabilities and strategic activities. Our corporate staff will be responsible for the general and administrative activities.

 

During the next 12 to 24 months, we anticipate that our strategic focus will be to achieve several objectives described under “Business - Strategy” and as follows:

 

·

Present our completed Phase I/II clinical study of Lovaxin C which document the practicability of using this agent safely in the therapeutic treatment of cervical cancer;

 

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·

Initiate our Investigational New Drug Application (IND) with the FDA for our Phase II clinical study of Lovaxin C in the therapeutic treatment of CIN;

 

·

Initiate our Phase II clinical study of Lovaxin C in the therapeutic treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia;

 

·

Continue the development work necessary to bring Lovaxin P in the therapeutic treatment of prostate cancer into clinical trials, and initiate that trial;

 

·

Continue the development work necessary to bring Lovaxin B in the therapeutic treatment of breast cancer into clinical trials, and initiate that trial;

 

·

Continue the pre-clinical development of other product candidates, as well as continue research to expand our technology platform; and

 

·

Initiate strategic and development collaborations with biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies.

 

The annual cost to maintain our current staff, overhead and preclinical expense is estimated to be $2.5 to $3.0 million in fiscal year 2008. We estimate the cost of our current phase II clinical study in therapeutic treatment of CIN cancer to be in the range of $3.0 to $4.0 million for the same period. Therefore we anticipate our current cash will be adequate to meet our needs through the third fiscal quarter but not over the entire 2008 fiscal year. Our phase II Lovaxin C clinical study is estimated to commence in mid fiscal 2008. We hope to commence the work in breast and prostate cancer in fiscal 2009. The timing and estimated costs of these projects are difficult to predict. In fiscal 2008 our anticipated needs for equipment, personnel and space should not be significant. We do plan on adding a few key employees in fiscal 2008 to address our growing clinical, regulatory and reporting needs.

 

Overall given the clinical stage of our business our financial needs are driven in large part by the outcomes of clinical trials and preclinical findings. The cost of these clinical trial projects is significant. As a result we will be required to raise additional debt or equity in the near future. If the clinical outcomes are successful and the value of the Company increases it is more than likely we will attempt to accelerate the timing of the required financing and, conversely if the trial or trials aren’t successful we may slow spending and the timing of additional financing will be deferred. While we will attempt to attract a corporate partnership we have not assumed the receipt of any additional financial resources.

 

For more information about Penn and commitments see “Business Partnerships and agreements - University of Pennsylvania.”

 

Accounting Policies; Impact of Growth

 

Below is a brief description of basic accounting principles which we have adopted in determining our recognition of expenses, as well as a brief description of the effects that our management believes that our anticipated growth will have on our revenues and expenses in the 12 months ended October 31, 2008.

 

Revenues. We do not anticipate that we will record any material revenues during at least the twelve months ending October 31, 2008. When we recognize revenues, we anticipate that they will be principally grants and licensing fees.

 

Expenses. We recorded operating expenses for the years ended October 31, 2005, 2006 and 2007 of $2,395,328, $3,481,226 and $4,757,190, respectively.

 

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP involves the use of estimates and assumptions that affect the recorded amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results may differ substantially from these estimates. Significant estimates include the fair value and recoverability of the carrying value of intangible assets (trade marks, patents and licenses) the fair value of options, the fair value of embedded conversion features, warrants, recognition of on-going clinical trial, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. On an on-going basis, we evaluate our estimates, based on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

 

We believe the following critical accounting policy involves significant estimates and judgment. We amortize trademark, license and patent costs over their estimated useful lives. We may be required to adjust these lives based on advances in science and competitor actions. We review the recorded amounts of trademarks, licenses and patents at each period end to determine if their carrying amount is still recoverable based on expectations regarding potential licensing of the intangibles or sales of related products. Such an assessment, in the future, may result in a conclusion that the assets are impaired, with a corresponding charge against earnings.

 

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In accordance with Securities and Exchange Commission Staff Accounting Bulletin (SAB) No. 104, revenue from license fees and grants is recognized when the following criteria are met; persuasive evidence an arrangement exists, services have been rendered, the contract price is fixed or determinable, and collectability is reasonably assured. In licensing arrangements, delivery does not occur for revenue recognition purposes until the license term begins. Nonrefundable upfront fees received in exchange for products delivered or services performed that do not represent the culmination of a separate earnings process will be deferred and recognized over the term of the agreement using the straight-line method or another method if it better represents the timing and pattern of performance.

 

For revenue contracts that contain multiple elements, we will determine whether the contract includes multiple units of accounting in accordance with EITF No. 00-21, Revenue Arrangements with Multiple Deliverables. Under that guidance, revenue arrangements with multiple deliverables are divided into separate units of accounting if the delivered item has value to the customer on a standalone basis and there is objective and reliable evidence of the fair value of the undelivered item.

 

Research and Development. During the years ended October 31, 2005, 2006 and 2007, we recorded research and development expenses of $1,175,536, $1,404,164 and $2,128,096, respectively. Such expenses were principally comprised of manufacturing scale up and process development, license fees, sponsored research, clinical trial and consulting expenses. We recognize research and development expenses as incurred.

 

Commencing with the year ending October 31, 2008, we anticipate that our research and development expenses will increase as a result of our expanded development and commercialization efforts related to clinical trials, product development, and development of strategic and other relationships required ultimately for the licensing, manufacture and distribution of our product candidates. We regard four of our product candidates as major research and development projects. The timing, costs and uncertainties of those projects are as follows:

 

Lovaxin C - Phase I/II & II trial Summary Information (Cervical & CIN Cancer)

 

·

Cost incurred to date: approximately $2,350,000

 

·

Estimated future costs: $150,000 Phase I and $3,000,000 - $4,000,000 Phase II

 

·

Anticipated completion date of Phase II: 2009

 

·

Uncertainties:

 

·

the FDA (or relevant foreign regulatory authority) may not approve the study

 

·

One or more serious adverse events in patients enrolled in the trial

 

·

difficulty in recruiting patients

 

·

delays in the program

 

·

Commencement of material cash flows:

 

·

Unknown at this stage and dependent upon a licensing deal or pursuant to a marketing collaboration subject to regulatory approval to market and sell the product.

 

Lovaxin P - Pre Clinical and Phase I Trial Summary Information (Prostate Cancer)

 

·

Cost incurred to date: $150,000

 

·

Estimated future costs: $1,500,000

 

·

Anticipated completion dates: fourth quarter of fiscal 2009 or beyond

 

·

Risks and uncertainties:

 

·

Obtaining favorable animal data

 

·

Proving low toxicity in animals

 

·

Manufacturing scale up to GMP level

 

·

FDA (or foreign regulatory authority) may not approve the study

 

·

The occurrence of a severe or life threatening adverse event in a patient

 

·

Delays in the program

 

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Lovaxin B - Phase I trial Summary Information (Breast Cancer)

·

Cost incurred to date: $450,000

 

·

Estimated future costs: $2,000,000

 

·

Anticipate completion dates: Fiscal 2010 or beyond

 

·

Risks and uncertainties: See Lovaxin in P (above)

 

·

Commencement of material cash flows:

 

·

Unknown at this stage, dependent upon a licensing deal or to a marketing collaboration subject to regulatory approval to market and sell the product.

 

General and Administrative Expenses. During the years ended October 31, 2005, 2006 and 2007, we recorded general and administrative expenses of $1,219,792, $2,077,062 and $2,629,094, respectively. General and administrative costs primarily include the salaries and expenses for executive, consultants, finance, facilities, insurances, accounting and legal assistance, as well as other corporate and administrative functions that serve to support Advaxis' current and our future operations and provide an infrastructure to support this anticipated future growth. For the year ending October 31, 2008 and beyond, we anticipate that our general and administrative costs will increase significantly due to the increased compliance requirements, including, without limitation, legal, accounting, and insurance expenses, to comply with periodic reporting and other regulations applicable to public companies.

 

Other Income (Expense). During the years ended October 31, 2005, 2006 and 2007 we recorded interest expense ($7,307), ($437,299) and ($607,193), respectively. Interest expense, relates primarily to our then outstanding secured convertible debenture commencing at the closing dates of our Two Tranche Private Placement on February 2 and March 8, 2006 extinguished on October 17, 2007. During the years ended October 31, 2005, 2006 and 2007 we recorded interest income of $43,978, $90,899 and $63,407, respectively, earned on investments. As of October 17, 2007, the extinguishment date, the changes due to the fair market value of common stock warrants and embedded derivative was recorded as a $1,159,846 gain compared to a $(2,802,078) loss recorded as of October 31, 2006. Due to the elimination of the convertible debenture, we also recorded a gain on extinguishment of the Debenture of $1,212,510 in addition to $319,967 gain on retirement of a note with Penn totaling $1,532,477. For fiscal 2008, we anticipate minimal interest expense and increased interest income due to the elimination of the convertible debenture and additional cash investment

 

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements.

 

In July 2006, the FASB issued FASB Interpretation No. 48 “Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes (an interpretation of FASB Statement No. 109)” (“FIN 48”). FIN 48 clarifies the accounting for uncertainty in tax positions and requires that companies recognize in their financial statements the impact of a tax position, if that position is more likely than not of being sustained on audit, based on the technical merits of the position. The Company will be required to adopt the provisions of FIN 48 beginning in fiscal 2008, with the cumulative effect of the change in accounting principle recorded as an adjustment to opening retained earnings as well as requiring additional disclosures. The Company does not expect the adoption of FIN 48 to have a material impact on its financial reporting.

 

In September 2006, the FASB issued SFAS No. 157, Fair Value Measurement. This statement does not require any new fair value measurement, but it provides guidance on how to measure fair value under other accounting pronouncements. SFAS No. 157 also establishes a fair value hierarchy to classify the source of information used in fair value measurements. The hierarchy prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad categories. This standard is effective for the Company beginning in fiscal 2009 . The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this pronouncement on its financial statements.

 

In February 2007, the FASB issued SFAS No. 159, The Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. SFAS No. 159 permits companies to choose to measure certain financial instruments and certain other items at fair value. The election to measure the financial instrument at fair value is made on an instrument-by-instrument basis for the entire instrument, with few exceptions, and is irreversible. SFAS No. 159 is effective for the Company beginning in the fiscal year ending October 31, 2009. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this pronouncement on its financial statements.

 

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Results of Operations

 

Year Ended October 31, 2007 Compared to the Year Ended October 31, 2006

 

Revenue. Our revenue decreased by $277,760, or 64%, from $431,961 for the year ended October 31, 2006 to $154,201 for the year ended October 31, 2007 primarily due to the completion of the HER-2 SBIR, FUSION and FLAIR grants in fiscal 2006 partially offset by a new grant and the continuation of a State of New Jersey grant.

 

Research and Development Expenses. Research and development expenses increased by $723,932, or 52%, from $1,404,164 for the twelve months ended October 31, 2006 to $2,128,096 for the twelve months ended October 31, 2007. This increase was principally attributable to the following:

·	Clinical trial expenses decreased $20,132, or 5%, from $421,915 to $401,783 due to the higher start-up expenses of our clinical trial in March 2006 partially offset by the lower expenses incurred at the end of the trial in fiscal 2007.
·	Wages, salaries and related lab costs increased by $183,650, or 31%, from $600,329 to $783,979 principally due to adding one research and development staff at the end of fiscal 2006 and a higher bonus payment in fiscal 2007.
·	IND/NDA and developmental consulting expenses increased $130,466 or 293% from $44,494 to $174,960 primarily due to costs related to the preparation to file an IND and establishing the Phase II clinical trial protocol.
·	Subcontracted expenses increased by $51,220, or 21%, from $249,315 to $300,535 reflecting the additional subcontract work performed by Dr. Paterson, pursuant to certain grants.
·	Manufacturing expenses increased $327,625, or 1253%, from $26,155 to $353,780; primarily the result of the fiscal 2007 manufacturing program in anticipation of the Lovaxin C Phase II clinical trial planned in fiscal 2008.
·	Toxicology study expenses increased $30,722, or 92%, from $33,558 to $64,280; principally as a result of the initiation of additional toxicology studies by Pharm Olam in connection with our Lovaxin C clinical trial in anticipation of our IND filing in fiscal 2008.

General and Administrative Expenses. General and administrative expenses increased by $552,032, or 27%, from $2,077,062 for the year ended October 31, 2006 to $2,629,094 for the year ended October 31, 2007, primarily attributable to the following:

·	Wages, option expense and benefits increased by $453,409 or 119% from $382,526 to $835,935 primarily due to hiring a CEO in fiscal 2007 previously filled by a consultant (LVEP) these costs did not occur in the fiscal 2006.
·	All other costs increased by $84,319 or 24% from $354,042 to $438,361 primarily due to higher depreciation expense, insurance, accounting and other operating costs.
·	Consulting fees and related expenses decreased by $86,813, or104%, from $885,349 for the twelve months ended October 31, 2006 to $798,536 for the same period in 2007 arising from a lower bonus expense and consulting fees primarily for LVEP (prior Chief Executive Officer) and consultants partially offset by a $251,269 increase in option expense due to accelerated vesting of the previous CEO options (LVEP).
·	A decrease in legal fees and public relations expenses of $23,666, or 5%, from $441,621 for the twelve-months ended October 31, 2006 to $417,955 for the same period in 2007, primarily as a result of lower legal costs.
·	Conference expenses increased by $124,779 or 922% from $13,527 to $138,306 due to increased fund raising activities and communication efforts.

 

Other Income (expense). Other Income (expense) improved by $5,297,014 from ($3,148,478) recorded as expense for the twelve months ended October 31, 2006 to $2,148,536 recorded as income for the twelve months ended October 31, 2007. The breakdown is as follows:

·	Interest income earned on investments decreased by $27,492 in fiscal year 2007 from $90,899 in fiscal year 2006 to $63,407 in 2007.
·	Gain on Note Retirements in the fiscal year 2007 totaled $1,532,477 compared to no gain recorded in fiscal 2006. There were two gains; the first was a gain due to the amendment and restatement of a license agreement that involved a note with Penn of $319,967 which was forgiven as well as a gain recorded on the early extinguishment of the Debentures with Cornell Partners of $1,212,510. In the case of the debentures, the reacquisition price was less than the net carrying value and therefore a gain on extinguishment was recorded.
·	Change in fair value of common stock warrants & embedded derivatives recorded in fiscal 2007 improved by $3,961,924 from an expense recorded in fiscal 2006 of ($2,802,078) to income of $1,159,846 in fiscal year 2007. This change primarily resulted from this early extinguishment of the debenture on October 17, 2007 and a decrease in fair value as recorded in fiscal 2007 compared to fiscal 2006.

 

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·

Interest expense increased by $169,894, or 39% from fiscal year 2006 of ($437,299) to ($607,193) for fiscal year 2007. Interest expense, relates primarily to our then outstanding secured convertible debenture that commenced at the closing dates of February 2 and March 8, 2006 and were extinguished on October 17, 2007.

No provision for income taxes was made for the year ended October 31, 2006 or 2007 due to significant tax losses during and prior to such periods.

Year Ended October 31, 2006 Compared to the Year Ended October 31, 2005

 

Revenue. Our revenue decreased by $120,907, or 22%, from $552,868 for the year ended October 31, 2005 to $431,961 for the year ended October 31, 2006 primarily due to the decrease in the FLAIR grant money received by the Company.

 

Research and Development Expenses. Research and development expenses increased by $228,628, or 19%, from $1,175,536 for the twelve months ended October 31, 2005 to $1,404,164 for the twelve months ended October 31, 2006. This increase was principally attributable to the following:

 

·

Clinical trial expenses increased $328,389, or 351%, from $93,525 to $421,915 due to the start-up of our clinical trial in March 2006.

 

·

Wages, salaries and related lab costs increased by $409,542, or 215%, from $190,804 to $600,329 principally due to our expanded research and development staffing in early 2006.

 

·

Subcontracted expenses increased by $107,949, or 76.3%, from $141,366 to $249,315 reflecting the additional subcontract work performed by Dr. Paterson at Penn, pursuant to certain grants.

 

·

Manufacturing expenses decreased $383,387, or 93.6%, from $409,542 to $26,155; the result of the fiscal 2005 manufacturing program in anticipation of the Lovaxin C for toxicology and clinical trials required in early 2006.

 

·

Toxicology study expenses decreased $259,548, or 88.6%, from $293,105 to $33,558; principally as a result of the initiation in the earlier period of toxicology studies by Pharm Olam in connection with our Lovaxin C product candidates in anticipation of the clinical studies in 2006.

 

General and Administrative Expenses. General and administrative expenses increased by $857,270, or 70.3%, from $1,219,792 for the year ended October 31, 2005 to $2,077,062 for the year ended October 31, 2006, primarily attributable to the following:

 

·

Consulting fees and related expenses increased by $580,197, or 190%, from $305,153 for the twelve months ended October 31, 2005 to $885,349 for the same period in 2006 arising from a higher bonus expense, stock expense, consulting fees and the fair value of options primarily for the Chief Executive Officer(s) and consultants.

 

·

An increase in legal fees and public relations expenses of $391,611, or 364%, from $107,370 for the twelve-months ended October 31, 2005 to $498,611 for the same period in 2006, primarily as a result of an increase in the costs arising from being publicly held.

 

·

A decrease in offering and analyst expenses of $132,498 incurred in fiscal 2005 while none were incurred in 2006.

 

Other Income (expense). Other Income (expense) increased by ($3,185,149) from income of $36,671 for the twelve months ended October 31, 2005 to ($3,148,478) recorded as expense for the twelve months ended October 31, 2006. During the years ended October 31, 2005 and 2006 we recorded interest expense of ($7,307), and ($437,299) respectively. Interest expense, relates primarily to our outstanding secured convertible debenture commencing at the closing dates on February 2 and March 8, 2006. Interest earned on investments amounted to $43,978 and $90,899, respectively. In the year ended October 31, 2006 there is a net change of ($2,802,078) in fair value of common stock warrants and embedded derivative liabilities in expense (non-cash item) as of October 31, 2006 compared to the original value for the secured convertible debenture.

 

No provision for income taxes was made for the year ended October 31, 2005 or 2006 due to significant tax losses during and prior to such periods.

 

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Liquidity and capital resources

 

At October 31, 2005, 2006 and 2007, our cash was $2,075,206, $2,761,166 and $4,041,984 we had working capital of $1,365,742, $1,254,651 and $3,069,172, respectively.

 

To date, our principal source of liquidity has been cash provided by private placements of our securities. Some of these offerings have been structured so as to be exempt from the prospectus delivery requirements under the Securities Act. Principal uses of our cash have been to support research and development, clinical study, financing and working capital. We anticipate these uses will continue to be our principal uses in the future.

 

On November 12, 2004, we acquired Advaxis, Inc., a Delaware corporation through the Share Exchange. The transaction was accounted for as a recapitalization. Accordingly, the historical financial statements of Advaxis are our financial statements for reporting purposes. Advaxis, Inc has changed its fiscal year to the year ended October 31st and as a result is providing herein its audited financial statements for the years ended October 31, 2006 and 2007.

 

Although we believe that the net proceeds received by us from the October 17, 2007 private placement will be sufficient to finance our currently planned operations through the third fiscal quarter 2008 , they will not be sufficient to meet the full fiscal year 2008 nor our longer-term cash requirements or our cash requirements for the commercialization of any of our existing or future product candidates. We will be required to sell equity or debt securities or to enter into other financial arrangements, including relationships with corporate and other partners, in order to raise additional capital. Depending upon market conditions, we may not be successful in raising sufficient additional capital for our long-term requirements. In such event, our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected. The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming the Company will continue as a going concern, The Company has suffered losses that raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern, The financial statement do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

 

The following factors, among others, could cause actual results to differ from those indicated in the above forward-looking statements: increased length and scope of our clinical trials, increased costs related to intellectual property related expenses, increased cost of manufacturing and higher consulting costs. These factors or additional risks and uncertainties not known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may impair business operations and may cause our actual results to differ materially from any forward-looking statement.

 

Although we believe the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements.

 

We expect our future sources of liquidity to be primarily equity capital raised from investors, as well as licensing fees and milestone payments in the event we enter into licensing agreements with third parties, and research collaboration fees in the event we enter into research collaborations with third parties.

 

On November 12, 2004, we sold to accredited investors at a closing of the first tranche of the Three Tranche Private Placement 117 Units at $25,000 per unit for an aggregate purchase price of $2,925,000. Each Unit is comprised of (i) 87,108 shares of our common stock and (ii) a five-year warrant to purchase 87,108 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $0.40 per share. At the initial closing, the accredited investors received an aggregate of 10,191,638 shares of common stock and warrants to purchase 10,191,638 shares of common stock. In addition, on November 12, 2004, $595,000 aggregate principal amount of outstanding convertible promissory notes including accrued interest, were converted into units on the same terms as those upon which the Units sold, accordingly, an aggregate of 2,136,441 shares of common stock and additional warrants to purchase 2,136,441 shares of common stock.

 

On December 8, 2004, we sold to accredited investors at the closing of the second tranche 8 units for an aggregate purchase price of $200,000 and the investors received an aggregate of 696,864 shares of common stock and additional warrants to purchase 696,864 shares of Common Stock.

 

On January 4, 2005, we sold to accredited investors at a third tranche 5.12 Units for an aggregate purchase price of $128,000, 445,993 shares of common stock and additional warrants to purchase 445,993 shares of Common Stock were issued.

 

Pursuant to the terms of a investment banking agreement, dated March 19, 2004, by and between us and Sunrise Securities, Corp. (“Sunrise” or the “Placement Agent”), we issued to the Placement Agent and its designees an aggregate of 2,283,445 shares of common stock and warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 2,666,900 shares of common stock. The securities were issued along with a cash fee of $50,530 in consideration for the services of Sunrise, as our placement agent in the Private Placement.

 

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On January 12, 2005, we sold an accredited investor at a closing the third tranche 44 units for an aggregate purchase price of $1,100,000 and therefore an aggregate of 3,832,752 shares of common stock and warrants to purchase 3,832,752 shares of common stock.

 

Pursuant to a Securities Purchase Agreement dated February 2, 2006 and March 8, 2006 we sold to Cornell $3,000,000 principal amount of our 6% Secured Convertible Debentures due February 1, 2009 (the “Debentures”) at face amount (before commissions and related fees of $260,000), along with five year A Warrants to purchase 4,200,000 shares of common stock at the price of $0.287 per share and five year B Warrants to purchase 300,000 shares of common stock at a price of $0.3444 per share.

 

The 6% per annum interest due at maturity was charged to expense. The investment-banking fee paid to Yorkville Advisors in connection with the Debentures in the amount of $240,000 was charged, in view its relationship with Cornell, as additional interest expense over the three-year term of the Debentures. The remaining transaction fees of $20,000 was capitalized.

 

The Company calculated the fair value of the embedded conversion of the Company’s above mentioned warrants to be recorded as a warrant liability at the end of the fiscal year 2006. As a result of this calculation at the end of October 31, 2006 included in the Statement of Operations for the Company is a $2,802,078 non-cash expense in the establishment of the liabilities related to the warrants and embedded conversion feature for the entire year. Upon full satisfaction of the Debentures (whether though its repayment or conversion to equity), the fair value of the remaining warrants on that date will be reclassified to equity.

 

On October 17, 2007, pursuant to a Securities Purchase Agreement, we completed a private placement resulting in $7,384,235in gross proceeds, pursuant to which we sold 49,228,334 shares of common stock at a purchase price of $0.15 per share solely to institutional and accredited investors and warrants to purchase 36,921,250 additional shares at a purchase price of $0.20 per share. Each investor received a five-year warrant to purchase an amount of shares of common stock that equals 75% of the number of shares of common stock purchased by such investor in the offering. Concurrent with the closing of the private placement, we sold for $1,996,666 to CAMOFI Master LDC and CAMHZN Master LDC an aggregate of (i) 10,000,000 shares of Common Stock, (ii) 10,000,000 $0.20 Warrants, and (iii) 5-year warrants to purchase an additional 3,333,333 shares of Common Stock at a purchase price of $0.001/share. Both warrants provide that they may not be exercised if, following the exercise, the holder will be deemed to be the beneficial owner of more than 9.99% of Registrant’s outstanding shares of Common Stock.

 

Pursuant to an advisory agreement dated August 1, 2007 with Centrecourt, Centrecourt provided various strategic advisory services to the Company in consideration thereof. Registrant paid Centrecourt $328,000 in cash and issued 2,483,333 $0.20 Warrants to Centrecourt, which Centrecourt assigned to the two affiliates.

 

At the closing of the private placement, we exercised our right under an agreement dated August 23, 2007 with YA Global Investments, L.P. f/k/a Cornell Capital Partners, L.P. (“Yorkville”), to redeem the outstanding $1,700,000 principal amount of our Secured Convertible Debentures due February 1, 2009 owned by Yorkville, and to acquire from Yorkville warrants expiring February 1, 2011 to purchase an aggregate of 4,500,000 shares of Common Stock. We paid an aggregate of (i) $2,289,999.01 to redeem the debentures at the principal amount plus a 20% premium and accrued and unpaid interest, and (ii) $600,000 to repurchase the warrants. As a result the Company recorded a gain on retirement in October 2007 of $1,221,510. As of October 17, 2007 after giving the effect of interest, amortization, fair value changes of the common stock warrants and the embedded derivative the net carrying value of the deferred commissions asset was $63,728, embedded derivative liability was $1,640,207, common stock warrant liability was $729,840 and the discount on the value of the note of $217,537.

 

We are party to a license agreement, dated July 1, 2002 (effective date), as amended and restated, between Advaxis and The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania.

 

For more information about Penn and commitments see “Item 1. Description of Business - Partnerships and agreements - University of Pennsylvania.”

 

For a description of material employment agreements to which we are party, see “Item 12. Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions”.

 

Critical Accounting Policies

 

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP involves the use of estimates and assumptions that affect the recorded amounts of assets and liabilities as the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results may differ substantially from these estimates. Significant estimates include the fair value and recoverability of carrying value of intangible asset (trademarks, patents and licenses) the fair value of options, the fair value of embedded conversions features, warrants, recognition of on-going clinical trial, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. On an on-going basis, we evaluate our estimates, based on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

 

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    We believe the following critical accounting policy involves significant estimate and judgment. We amortize trademark, license and patent costs over their estimated useful lives. We may be required to adjust these lives based on advances in science and competitor actions. We review the recorded amounts of trademarks and patents at each period end to determine if their carrying amount is still recoverable based on expectations regarding potential licensing of the intangibles or sales of related products. Such an assessment, in the future, may result in a conclusion that the assets are impaired, with a corresponding charge against earnings. The Company reviews long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. An asset is considered to be impaired when the sum of the undiscounted future net cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset and its eventual disposition exceeds its carrying amount. The amount of impairment loss, if any, is measured as the difference between the net book value of the asset and its estimated fair value.

 

    Intangible assets consist of trademarks, patents, and licenses which are amortized on a straight-line basis over their remaining useful lives, which are estimated to be twenty years Capitalized license costs represent the value assigned to the Company’s 20 year exclusive worldwide license with the University of Pennsylvania. The value of the license is based on management’s assessment regarding the ultimate recoverability of the amounts paid and the potential for alternative future uses. This license includes the exclusive right to exploit 12 issued and 46 pending patents. As of October 31, 2007, capitalized costs associated with patents filed and granted are estimated to be $440,000 and the estimated costs associated with patents pending are estimated to be $719,000. The expirations of the existing patents range from 2014 to 2020. Capitalized costs associated with patent applications that are abandoned are charged to expense when the determination is made not to pursue the application. Amortization expense for licensed technology and capitalized patent cost is included in general and administrative cost. There have been no patent applications abandoned and charged to expense in the current or prior year that were material in value.

 

Accounting for Warrants and Convertible Securities

 

The Company evaluates whether warrants issued should be accounted for as liabilities or equity based on the provisions of EITF 00-19, Accounting for Derivative Financial Instruments Indexed to, and potentially Settled in, a Company’s Own Stock. The EITF lists conditions under which warrants are required to be classified as liabilities, including the existence of registration rights where significant penalties could be required to be paid to the holder of the instrument in the event the issuer fails to register the shares under a preset time frame, or where the registration statement fails to remain effective for a preset time period. Warrants accounted for as liabilities are required to be recorded at fair value, with changes in fair value recorded in operations.

 

For convertible debt instruments, the Company determines whether the conversion feature must be bifurcated and accounted for as a derivative liability in accordance with the provisions of EITF 00-19. The first step of the analysis is to determine whether the debt instrument is a conventional convertible instrument, in which case the embedded conversion option would qualify for equity classification and would not be bifurcated from the debt instrument. If the debt does not meet the definition of a conventional convertible instrument, the Company will analyze whether the conversion feature should be accounted for as a liability or equity under the provisions of EITF 00-19. The most common reason a debt instrument would not be considered to be a conventional convertible instrument is where the conversion price is variable. If the conversion feature does qualify for equity classification, the Company will assess whether there is a beneficial conversion feature that must be accounted for under the provisions of EITF 98-5, Accounting for Convertible Securities with Beneficial Conversion Features or Contingently Adjustable Conversion Ratios, and EITF 00-27, Application of Issue No. 98-5 to Certain Convertible Instruments. 

 

In February 2006, the FASB issued Statement No. 155, Accounting for Certain Hybrid Financial Instruments, an amendment of FASB Statements No. 133 and 140. Among other matters, that statement provides that where a company is required to bifurcate a derivative from its host contract, the company may irrevocably elect to initially and subsequently measure that hybrid financial instrument in its entirety at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized in operations. The statement is effective for financial instruments issued after the beginning of an entity’s first fiscal year that begins after September 15, 2006. Earlier adoption is permitted as of the beginning of an entity’s fiscal year, provided the entity has not yet issued financial statements, including financial statements or any interim period for that fiscal year.

 

Due to the limited nature of the Company’s operations, the Company has not identified any other accounting policies involving estimates or assumptions that are material due to the levels of subjectivity and judgment necessary to account for highly uncertain matters or the susceptibility of such matters to change, and where the impact of the estimates and assumptions on financial condition or operating performance is material.

 

Impact of Inflation

 

We believe that our results of operations are not dependent upon moderate changes in inflation rates.

 

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangement 

 

    The Company is obligated under a non-cancelable operating lease for laboratory and office space expiring in May 31, 2008 with aggregate future minimum payments due amounting to $40,348.

 

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Outstanding Equity Awards - Outside Directors

 

The table below summarizes the aggregate number of option and held by each outside director during the year ended October 31, 2007. There are no outstanding stock awards as of October 31, 2007.

 

Name and Principal Position		Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options (#) Exercisable			Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options (#) Unexercisable			Option Awards Equity Incentive Plan Awards: Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Unearned Options (#)			Option Exercise Price ($)			Option Expiration Date
Dr. James Patton, Director			73,253			-			-			0.3549			11/1/2012
Dr. Thomas McKearn, Director			82,763			-			-			0.1952			8/1/2012
			75,000			75,000	(1)		-			0.2600			3/29/2016
Martin R. Wade III, Director			75,000			75,000	(1)		-			0.2600			3/29/2016
Richard Berman, Director			250,000			150,000	(2)		-			0.2870			2/1/2015
Roni Appel, Director			91,567			-			-			0.3549			11/1/2012
			1,114,344									0.287			4/1/2015
			1,173,179			-			-			0.2170			12/31/2015

1.	12,500 exercisable on each 12/29/2007, 3/29/2008, 6/29/2008, 9/29/2008, 12/29/2008 and 3/29/2009, respectively.
2.	25,000 exercisable on each 11/1/2007, 2/1/2008, 5/1/2008, 8/1/2008, 11/1/2008 and 2/1/2009, respectively.

Director Compensation Table 2007

 

This table represents their compensation paid to our directors during the year end of October 31, 2007

 

Name		Fees Earned or Paid in Cash ($)			Stock Awards ($)			Option Awards ($)			Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation ($)			Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Earnings ($)			All other Compensation ($)			Total ($)
Thomas A. Moore			-			-			-			-			-			-			-
Dr. James Patton			-			-			-			-			-			-			-
Roni A. Appel			-			-			-			-			-			-			-
Dr. Thomas McKearn			-			-			11,424	(1)		-			-			-			11,424
Martin R. Wade III			-			-			11,424	(1)		-			-			-			11,424
Richard Berman			-			8,640	(2)		10,000	(3)		-			-			-			20,838

1.	Based on the vesting of 150,000 options of the Company’s common stock granted on 3/29/2006 at a market price of $0.261 share. Vests quarterly over a three year period at a fair value of $0.1434 share value (Black Scholes Model) at grant date.
2.	Receives $2,000 a month in shares of the Company’s stock valued at $0.50 share. The value of the stock based on 4,000 shares times the average monthly closing market prices.
3.	Based on the vesting of 400,000 options of the Company’s common stock granted on 2/1/2005 at an exercise price of $0.287 share and the fair value of $0.100/share(value is Black Scholes model at grant date.). Vests quarterly over a four year period.

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2004 Stock Option Plan

 

In November 2004, our board of directors adopted and stockholders approved the 2004 Stock Option Plan (“2004 Plan”). The 2004 Plan provides for the grant of options to purchase up to 2,381,525 shares of our common stock to employees, officers, directors and consultants. Options may be either “incentive stock options” or non-qualified options under the Federal tax laws. Incentive stock options may be granted only to our employees, while non-qualified options may be issued, in addition to employees, to non-employee directors, and consultants.

 

The 2004 Plan is administered by “disinterested members” of the board of directors or the Compensation Committee, who determine, among other things, the individuals who shall receive options, the time period during which the options may be partially or fully exercised, the number of shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of each option and the option exercise price.

 

Subject to a number of exceptions, the exercise price per share of common stock subject to an incentive option may not be less than the fair market value per share of common stock on the date the option is granted. The per share exercise price of the common stock subject to a non-qualified option may be established by the board of directors, but shall not, however, be less than 85% of the fair market value per share of common stock on the date the option is granted. The aggregate fair market value of common stock for which any person may be granted incentive stock options which first become exercisable in any calendar year may not exceed $100,000 on the date of grant.

 

No stock option may be transferred by an optionee other than by will or the laws of descent and distribution, and, during the lifetime of an optionee, the option will be exercisable only by the optionee. In the event of termination of employment or engagement other than by death or disability, the optionee will have no more than three months after such termination during which the optionee shall be entitled to exercise the option to the extent vested at termination, unless otherwise determined by the board of directors. Upon termination of employment or engagement of an optionee by reason of death or permanent and total disability, the optionee’s options remain exercisable for one year to the extent the options were exercisable on the date of such termination. No similar limitation applies to non-qualified options.

 

We must grant options under the 2004 Plan within ten years from the effective date of the 2004 Plan. The effective date of the Plan was November 12, 2004. Subject to a number of exceptions, holders of incentive stock options granted under the Plan cannot exercise these options more than ten years from the date of grant. Options granted under the 2004 Plan generally provide for the payment of the exercise price in cash and may provide for the payment of the exercise price by delivery to us of shares of common stock already owned by the optionee having a fair market value equal to the exercise price of the options being exercised, or by a combination of these methods. Therefore, if it is provided in an optionee’s options, the optionee may be able to tender shares of common stock to purchase additional shares of common stock and may theoretically exercise all of his stock options with no additional investment other than the purchase of his original shares.

 

Any unexercised options that expire or that terminate upon an employee’s ceasing to be employed by us become available again for issuance under the 2004 Plan.

 

2005 Stock Option Plan

 

In June 2006, our board of directors adopted and stockholders approved on June 6, 2006, the 2005 Stock Option Plan (“2005 Plan”).

 

The 2005 Plan provides for the grant of options to purchase up to 5,600,000 shares of our common stock to employees, officers, directors and consultants. Options may be either “incentive stock options” or non-qualified options under the Federal tax laws. Incentive stock options may be granted only to our employees, while non-qualified options may be issued to non-employee directors, consultants and others, as well as to our employees.

 

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The 2005 Plan is administered by “disinterested members” of the board of directors or the compensation committee, who determine, among other things, the individuals who shall receive options, the time period during which the options may be partially or fully exercised, the number of shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of each option and the option exercise price.

 

Subject to a number of exceptions, the exercise price per share of common stock subject to an incentive option may not be less than the fair market value per share of common stock on the date the option is granted. The per share exercise price of the common stock subject to a non-qualified option may be established by the board of directors, but shall not, however, be less than 85% of the fair market value per share of common stock on the date the option is granted. The aggregate fair market value of common stock for which any person may be granted incentive stock options which first become exercisable in any calendar year may not exceed $100,000 on the date of grant.

 

Except when agreed by the board or the administrator of the 2005 Plan, no stock option may be transferred by an optionee other than by will or the laws of descent and distribution, and, during the lifetime of an optionee, the option will be exercisable only by the optionee. In the event of termination of employment or engagement other than by death or disability, the optionee will have no more than three months after such termination during which the optionee shall be entitled to exercise the option, unless otherwise determined by the board of directors. Upon termination of employment or engagement of an optionee by reason of death or permanent and total disability, the optionee’s options remain exercisable for one year to the extent the options were exercisable on the date of such termination. No similar limitation applies to non-qualified options.

 

We must grant options under the 2005 Plan within ten years from the effective date of the 2005 Plan. The effective date of the Plan was January 1, 2005. Subject to a number of exceptions, holders of incentive stock options granted under the 2005 Plan cannot exercise these options more than ten years from the date of grant. Options granted under the 2005 Plan generally provide for the payment of the exercise price in cash and may provide for the payment of the exercise price by delivery to us of shares of common stock already owned by the optionee having a fair market value equal to the exercise price of the options being exercised, or by a combination of these methods. Therefore, if it is provided in an optionee’s options, the optionee may be able to tender shares of common stock to purchase additional shares of common stock and may theoretically exercise all of his stock options with no additional investment other than the purchase of his original shares.

 

Any unexercised options that expire or that terminate upon an employee’s ceasing to be employed by us become available again for issuance under the 2005 Plan.

 

Employment Agreements

 

Thomas A. Moore. On August 21, 2007, the Company and Mr. Moore executed an employment agreement memorializing their oral agreement on December 15, 2006. It provides for him to receive an annual salary of $250,000 which increased to $350,000 upon the sale by the Company in October 2007 of its securities for gross proceeds of at least $4,000,000 (the gross proceeds were $9,689,000) which pursuant to the terms of the agreement will entitle him to receive in event of termination of his employment by the Company severance equal to a year’s salary at the then compensation level. If the Company effects sales of securities during his term for 10,000,000 (including the foregoing sale) the agreement provides that he is to be granted an additional 750,000 shares of our common stock. On December 15, 2006 the commencement date of his employment he was granted a five year option to purchase 2,400,000 shares of our common stock a price of $0.143 per share (market close 12/15/2006) which vest in equal monthly installments over a 24 month period ending December 2008). The agreement also provides for an award to him of 2,400,000 shares of common stock if during his term the “market price” as defined of our common stock is at least $0.40 per share for 40 consecutive days. The agreement also provides for the grant of the options to be granted under the agreement and 100% vesting of all his options upon a sale or change of control of the Company while he is employed.

 

Vafa Shahabi, Ph.D. Dr. Shahabi has been Head of Director of Science effective March 1, 2005, terminable on 30 days. Her duties are to work on and/or manage research and development projects as specified by the Company. The compensation is $115,000 per annum with a potential bonus of $20,000. In addition, Dr. Shahabi was granted 150,000 options per her employment agreement, 100,000 in July 2006 and 150,000 in September. In July 1, 2006 his salary increased by $20,000 annually payable in stock to issued every July 1st and January 1st. As of November 1, 2007 her base compensation was increased to $135,000.

 

Dr. John Rothman. The Company entered into an employment agreement with Dr. Rothman, Ph.D to become Vice President of Clinical Development effective March 7, 2005 for a term of one year ending February 28, 2006 and terminable thereafter 30 days notice. His compensation is $170,000 per annum, to increase to $180,000 upon the closing of a $15 million equity financing. Upon meeting incentives to be set by the Company, he will receive a bonus of up to $45,000. In fiscal year 2006 he was paid a bonus of $10,000 in cash plus $14,800 in company stock. Effective January 1, 2006 his salary increased by $30,000 annually payable in stock to issued every July 1st and January 1st (limited to conversion at $0.20 share as minimum). In addition, Dr. Rothman was granted 360,000 stock options per his employment agreement and was granted 150,000 options in March 2006. As of November 1, 2007 his base compensation was increased to $250,000.

 

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Fredrick D. Cobb. The Company entered into an employment agreement with Fred Cobb to become Vice President of Finance effective February 20, 2006 terminable on 30 days notice. His compensation of $140,000 per annum. Upon meeting incentives to be set by the Company, he will receive a bonus of up to $28,000. In July 1, 2006, his salary increased by $20,000 annually payable in stock to issued every July 1st and January 1 the number of shares are based on the lower of the average monthly market price or $0.20 per share. Mr. Cobb was granted 150,000 stock options per his employment agreement and was granted 150,000 options in March 2006. As of November 1, 2007, his base compensation was increased to $180,000.

 

Roni Appel. Mr. Appel served as our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer (until September 7, 2006) pursuant to the terms of the Consulting Agreement between us and LVEP Management LLC described under “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions.”

 

J. Todd Derbin. Pursuant to his agreement dated December 31, 2005 to resign as our President and Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Derbin served following his resignation on December 31, 2005 as a consultant to the Company for a fee of $6,250 per month for 6 months ending June 30, 2006. Mr. Derbin continued to serve as Chairman and a member of the Board of directors of the Company until his resignation on September 7, 2006.

 

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INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS