e424b3
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PROSPECTUS
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Filed Pursuant to Rule 424(b)3 |
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Registration No. 333-118746 |
6,439,575 Shares of Common Stock
Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc. is a real estate investment trust, or REIT, that was
formed in May 2003 to invest in the hospitality industry at all levels of the capital
structure. We are self-advised and own our lodging investments and conduct our business
through Ashford Hospitality Limited Partnership, our operating partnership.
This prospectus relates to the possible issuance, from time to time, of up to 5,657,917
shares of our common stock, par value $0.01 per share, to holders of units of limited
partnership interest in our operating partnership. We may issue the common stock covered by
this prospectus to the holders of units to the extent that they redeem their units and we elect
to issue common stock in connection with the redemption. We may also elect to pay cash for
redeemed units in lieu of issuing common stock. This prospectus also relates to the offer and
resale, from time to time, by the persons receiving shares of our common stock covered by this
prospectus upon redemption of units. These persons are referred to in this prospectus as
selling stockholders.
In addition, this prospectus also relates to the offer and sale from time to time by
certain selling stockholders identified in this prospectus of up to (i) 500,000 shares of
common stock sold in privately negotiated transactions, (ii) 216,634 shares of common stock
issued in connection with the acquisition by our operating partnership of certain assets and
(iii) 65,024 shares of common stock issued to one of the underwriters in our initial public
offering, as partial consideration for its services in connection with that offering.
We will not receive proceeds from the issuance of shares of common stock in exchange for
units or the sale of any shares of common stock covered by this prospectus, but we have agreed
to pay certain registration expenses. The registration of shares of common stock covered by
this prospectus and described above does not necessarily mean that any of the units will be
submitted for redemption or that any of the shares of common stock covered by this prospectus
will be offered or sold by the selling stockholders. The registration statement of which this
prospectus is a part is being filed pursuant to our contractual obligations.
Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol AHT. The
last reported sale price of our common stock on the New York Stock Exchange on March 10, 2006
was $12.18 per share.
To assist us in complying with certain federal income tax requirements applicable to
REITs, our charter contains certain restrictions relating to the ownership and transfer of our
stock, including an ownership limit of 9.8% on our common stock.
Investing in our common stock involves risks. See Risk Factors beginning on page 2 of
this prospectus to read about risks you should consider before buying our common stock.
Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has
approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or
complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
The date of this prospectus is March 13, 2006.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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You should rely only on the information contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus.
We have not authorized anyone else to provide you with different information. If anyone provides
you with different or inconsistent information, you should not rely on it. An offer to sell these
securities will not be made in any jurisdiction where the offer and sale is not permitted. You
should assume that the information appearing in this prospectus, as well as information we
previously filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and incorporated by reference, is
accurate as of the date on the front cover of this prospectus only. Our business, financial
condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since that date.
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WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION
We file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other documents with the
Securities and Exchange Commission under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. You may read and
copy any materials that we file with the SEC without charge at the public reference room of the
Securities and Exchange Commission, 450 Fifth Street, N.W., Room 1024, Washington, DC 20549.
Information about the operation of the public reference room may be obtained by calling the
Securities and Exchange Commission at 1-800-SEC-0300. Also, the SEC maintains an internet website
that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers,
including Ashford, that file electronically with the SEC. The public can obtain any documents that
we file with the SEC at www.sec.gov.
We also make available free of charge on or through our internet website (www.ahtreit.com) our
Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and, if
applicable, amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) of the
Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or
furnish it to, the SEC.
This prospectus is part of a registration statement on Form S-3 that we filed with the
Securities and Exchange Commission. This prospectus does not contain all of the information set
forth in the registration statement and exhibits and schedules to the registration statement. For
further information with respect to our company and our common stock, reference is made to the
registration statement, including the exhibits and schedules to the registration statement.
Statements contained in this prospectus as to the contents of any contract or other document
referred to in this prospectus are not necessarily complete and, where that contract is an exhibit
to the registration statement, each statement is qualified in all respects by reference to the
exhibit to which the reference relates.
INCORPORATION OF INFORMATION BY REFERENCE
The SEC allows us to incorporate by reference the information we file with them, which means
that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to other documents that we file
with the SEC. These incorporated documents contain important business and financial information
about us that is not included in or delivered with this prospectus. The information incorporated by
reference is considered to be part of this prospectus, and later information filed with the SEC
will update and supersede this information.
We incorporate by reference the documents listed below and any future filings we make with the
SEC under Section 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, until the
offering of securities covered by this prospectus is complete:
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our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2005; |
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our Current Reports on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on December 29, 2004, August 30,
2005, January 25, 2006, February 17, 2006 (pursuant to Item 1.01) and February 23, 2003. |
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You may obtain copies of these documents at no cost by writing or telephoning us at the
following address:
Investor Relations
Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc.
14185 Dallas Parkway, Suite 1100
Dallas, Texas 75254
(972) 490-9600.
A WARNING ABOUT FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
We make forward-looking statements in this prospectus, and in the information incorporated by
reference into this prospectus, that are subject to risks and uncertainties. These forward-looking
statements include information about possible or assumed future results of our business, financial
condition, liquidity, results of operations, plans and objectives. Statements regarding the
following subjects are forward-looking by their nature:
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our business and investment strategy; |
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our projected operating results; |
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completion of any pending transactions; |
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our ability to obtain future financing arrangements; |
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our understanding of our competition; |
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market trends; |
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projected capital expenditures; and |
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the impact of technology on our operations and business. |
The forward-looking statements are based on our beliefs, assumptions and expectations of our
future performance, taking into account all information currently available to us. These beliefs,
assumptions and expectations can change as a result of many possible events or factors, not all of
which are known to us. If a change occurs, our business, financial condition, liquidity and
results of operations may vary materially from those expressed in our forward-looking statements.
You should carefully consider this risk when you make an investment decision concerning our common
stock. Additionally, the following factors could cause actual results to vary from our
forward-looking statements:
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the factors discussed in this prospectus, and in the information incorporated by
reference into this prospectus, including those set forth under the section titled Risk
Factors; |
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general volatility of the capital markets and the market price of our securities; |
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changes in our business or investment strategy; |
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availability, terms and deployment of capital; |
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availability of qualified personnel; |
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changes in our industry and the market in which we operate, interest rates or the general economy; and |
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the degree and nature of our competition. |
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When we use the words will likely result, may, anticipate, estimate, should, expect,
believe, intend, or similar expressions, we intend to identify forward-looking statements. You
should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. We are not obligated to
publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information,
future events or otherwise.
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OUR COMPANY
We are a Maryland corporation that was formed in May 2003 to invest in the hospitality
industry at all levels of the capital structure. Since our initial public offering in August 2003,
we have actively acquired hotel assets. Our portfolio includes 79 hotel properties in 25 states
with 13,220 rooms, one office building and $108.3 million of debt investments. Our hotel
investments are currently focused on the upscale and upper-upscale lodging segments and are
concentrated among Marriott, Hilton, Hyatt and Starwood brands.
Our business strategy is to target specific opportunities created by the current strengthening
lodging market while retaining the flexibility to invest in the most attractive risk-reward
opportunities as they develop in the lodging business cycle. Our target investments include (i)
direct hotel investments; (ii) mezzanine financing through origination or through acquisition in
secondary markets; (iii) first lien mortgage financing through origination or through acquisition
in secondary markets; and (iv) sale-leaseback transactions.
We are self-advised and own our lodging investments and conduct our business through Ashford
Hospitality Limited Partnership, our operating partnership. We are the sole general partner of our
operating partnership.
We have elected to be treated as a real estate investment trust, or REIT, for federal income
tax purposes. Because of limitations imposed on REITs in operating hotel properties, third-party
managers manage each of our hotel properties. Our employees perform, directly through our operating
partnership, various acquisition, development, redevelopment and corporate management functions.
All persons employed in the day-to-day operations of our hotels are employees of the management
companies engaged by our lessees, and are not our employees.
Our principal executive offices are located at 14185 Dallas Parkway, Suite 1100, Dallas, Texas
75254. Our telephone number is (972) 490-9600. Our website is http://www.ahtreit.com. The contents
of our website are not a part of this prospectus. Our shares of common stock are traded on the New
York Stock Exchange, or the NYSE, under the symbol AHT.
SECURITIES THAT MAY BE OFFERED
The prospectus relates to the possible issuance or resale, from time to time, of up to
5,657,917 shares of common stock, if and to the extent that the holder of units elects to tender up
to an aggregate of 5,657,917 units in our operating partnership for redemption commencing on August
29, 2004. In addition, this prospectus also relates to the offer and sale from time to time by
certain selling stockholders identified in this prospectus of up to 781,658 shares of common stock
previously issued in privately negotiated transactions. We are registering these shares of common
stock to permit each holder thereof to sell such shares without restriction in the open market or
otherwise, but the registration of these shares does not necessarily mean that any of the units
will be tendered for redemption or that any of such shares will be offered or sold by the
recipient.
We will not receive any proceeds from the issuance or resale of the shares of common stock
covered by this prospectus.
RISK FACTORS
An investment in our securities involves various risks. You should carefully consider the
following risk factors in conjunction with the other information contained in this prospectus
before purchasing our securities. The risks discussed in this prospectus can adversely affect our
business, liquidity, operating results, prospects and financial condition. This could cause the
market price of our securities to decline and could cause you to lose all or part of your
investment. The risk factors described below are not the only risks that may affect us.
Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us also may adversely affect our
business, liquidity, operating results, prospects and financial condition.
Risks Related to Exchange of Common Units for Common Stock
The exchange of units of limited partnership interest for our common stock is a taxable
transaction.
The exchange of units of limited partnership for shares of our common stock will be treated
for United States federal income tax purposes as a sale of the units by the limited partner making
the exchange. A limited partner will recognize gain or loss for United States federal income tax
purposes in an amount equal to the difference between the amount realized by the limited partner
in the exchange and the limited partners adjusted tax basis in the units exchanged. Generally,
the amount realized by a limited partner on an exchange will be the fair market value of the shares
of our common stock received in the exchange, plus the amount of our operating partnerships
liabilities allocable to the units being exchanged at the time of the exchange. The recognition of
any loss resulting from an exchange of units of limited partnership interest for shares of our
common stock is subject to a number of limitations set forth in the Internal Revenue Code of 1986,
as amended, or the Code. It is possible that the amount of gain recognized or even the tax
liability resulting from the gain could exceed the value of the shares of our common stock received
upon the exchange. In addition, the ability of a limited partner to sell a substantial number of
shares of our common stock in order to raise cash to pay tax liabilities associated with the
exchange of our units may be restricted and, as a result of stock price fluctuations, the price the
holder receives for the shares of our common stock may not equal the value of the common units at
the time of the exchange. See Redemption of Units Tax Consequences of Redemption for more
information on these tax consequences.
An investment in our common stock is different from an investment in units of limited partnership
interest in our operating partnership.
If a limited partner exchanges his or her units of limited partnership interest in our
operating partnership for shares of our common stock, he or she will become one of our stockholders
rather than a limited partner in our operating partnership. Although the nature of an investment
in our common stock is similar to an investment in units, there are also differences between
ownership of units of limited partnership interest and ownership of our common stock. These
differences, some of which may be material to you, include:
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form of organization; |
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management control; |
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voting and consent rights; |
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liquidity; and |
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federal income tax considerations. |
These differences are further discussed in Comparison of Ownership of Units and Common Stock.
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Risks Related to Our Business
Our business strategy depends on our continued growth. We may fail to integrate recent and
additional investments into our operations or otherwise manage our planned growth, which may
adversely affect our operating results.
Our business plan contemplates a period of continued growth in the next several years. We
cannot assure you that we will be able to adapt our management, administrative, accounting and
operational systems, or hire and retain sufficient operational staff to successfully integrate our
recent investments into our portfolio and manage any future acquisitions of additional assets
without operating disruptions or unanticipated costs. Acquisitions of any additional portfolio of
properties or mortgages would generate additional operating expenses that we will be required to
pay. As we acquire additional assets, we will be subject to the operational risks associated with
owning new lodging properties. Our failure to successfully integrate our recent acquisitions as
well as any future acquisitions into our portfolio could have a material adverse effect on our
results of operations and financial condition and our ability to pay dividends to stockholders.
We may be unable to identify additional real estate investments that meet our investment criteria
or to acquire the properties we have under contract.
We cannot assure you that we will be able to identify real estate investments that meet our
investment criteria, that we will be successful in completing any investment we identify or that
any investment we complete will produce a return on our investment. Moreover, we will have broad
authority to invest in any real estate investments that we may identify in the future. We also
cannot assure you that we will acquire properties we currently have under firm purchase contracts,
if any, or that the acquisition terms we have negotiated, if any, will not change.
Conflicts of interest could result in our management acting other than in our stockholders best
interest.
Conflicts of interest relating to Remington Hotel Corporation, or Remington Hotel, and
Remington Lodging & Hospitality, L.P., or Remington Lodging, may lead to management decisions that
are not in the stockholders best interest. The Chairman of our board of directors, Mr. Archie
Bennett, Jr., serves as the Chairman of the board of directors of Remington Hotel, and our Chief
Executive Officer and President, Mr. Montgomery Bennett, serves as the Chief Executive Officer and
President of Remington Hotel. Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett own 100% of Remington Hotel.
Remington Lodging, which is also 100% owned by Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett, manages 29 of
our 79 properties and provides related services, including property management services and project
development services. Additionally, Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett own minority interests
in several lodging properties not transferred to our operating partnership.
Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennetts ownership interests in and management obligations to
Remington Hotel and Remington Lodging present them with conflicts of interest in making management
decisions related to the commercial arrangements between us and Remington Lodging and will reduce
the time and effort each can spend managing us. Our board of directors has adopted a policy that
requires all management decisions relating to the management agreements with Remington Lodging be
approved by a majority or, in certain circumstances, by all of our independent directors.
Holders of units in our operating partnership, including members of our management team, may
suffer adverse tax consequences upon our sale of certain properties. Therefore, holders of units,
either directly or indirectly, including Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett, Mr. David Brooks,
our Chief Legal Officer, Mr. David Kimichik, our Chief Financial Officer, Mr. Mark Nunneley, our
Chief Accounting Officer, and Mr. Martin L. Edelman (or his family members), one of our directors,
may have different objectives regarding the appropriate pricing and timing of a particular
propertys sale. These officers and directors of ours may influence us not to sell or refinance
certain properties, even if such sale or refinancing might be financially advantageous to our
stockholders, or to enter into tax deferred exchanges with the proceeds of such sales when such a
reinvestment might not otherwise be in our best interest.
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In addition, we have agreed to indemnify certain contributors of properties contributed to us
in exchange for operating partnership units, including (indirectly) Messrs. Archie and Montgomery
Bennett, Brooks, Kimichik, Nunneley and Edelman (or his family members), against the income tax
they may incur if we dispose of the specified contributed properties. Because of this
indemnification, our indemnified management team members may make decisions about selling any of
these properties that are not in our stockholders best interest.
We are a party to a master hotel management agreement and an exclusivity agreement with
Remington Lodging, which describes the terms of Remington Lodgings management of our hotels, as
well as any future hotels we may acquire that will be managed by Remington Lodging. If we
terminate the management agreement as to any of the six hotels we acquired in connection with our
initial public offering, which are all subject to the management agreement, because we elect to
sell those hotels, we will be required to pay Remington Lodging a substantial termination fee. The
exclusivity agreement requires us to engage Remington Lodging, unless our independent directors
either (i) unanimously vote to employ a different manager or developer, or (ii) by a majority vote,
elect not to engage Remington Lodging because special circumstances exist, or based on Remington
Lodgings prior performance, it is believed that another manager or developer could perform the
duties materially better. As the sole owners of Remington Lodging, which would receive any
development, management and management termination fees payable by us under the management
agreement, Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett may influence our decisions to sell, acquire or
develop hotels when it is not in the best interests of our stockholders to do so.
In addition, Ashford Financial Corporation, an affiliate, contributed certain asset management
and consulting agreements to us upon completion of our initial public offering relating to services
that Ashford Financial Corporation agreed to perform for hotel property managers of 27 identified
hotel properties. Ashford Financial Corporation is 100% owned by Messrs. Archie and Montgomery
Bennett. Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett also have or had a minority interest in the 27
hotels for which the asset management and consulting services agreements relate. The agreements
provide for annual payments to us, as the assignee of Ashford Financial Corporation, in
consideration for our performance of certain asset management and consulting services. The exact
amount of the consideration due to us is contingent upon the revenue generated by the hotels
underlying the asset management and consulting agreements. Ashford Financial Corporation has
guaranteed a minimum payment to us of $1.2 million per year, subject to adjustments based on the
consumer price index, through December 31, 2008. If any property underlying any asset management
and consulting agreement is sold at any time, we will no longer derive any income from the
underlying asset management and consulting agreements.
On March 16, 2005, we completed the acquisition of 21 of the 27 hotel properties for which we
previously provided the asset management and consulting services, and the remaining six hotels for
which we provided such services have either been sold or are currently being marketed for sale. In
connection with the acquisition of the 21 hotel properties and any subsequent sale of the remaining
six properties, the asset management and consulting agreements for these properties have been or
will be terminated, and we will no longer receive any fees under the terminated agreements. We do
not expect the remaining unsold hotel properties for which we provide asset management and
consulting services to generate sufficient revenue to result in annual fees of at least $1.2
million as guaranteed in the agreement. However, pursuant to a guarantee executed in connection
with our initial public offering. Ashford Financial Corporation will continue to guarantee a
minimum annual fee of approximately $1.2 million through December 31, 2008.
Tax indemnification obligations that apply in the event that we sell certain properties could limit
our operating flexibility.
If we dispose of the five properties contributed to us in connection with our IPO in exchange
for units in our operating partnership, we may be obligated to indemnify the contributors,
including Messrs. Archie and Monty Bennett whom have substantial ownership interests, against the
tax consequences of the sale. In addition, we have agreed to use commercially reasonable efforts
to maintain non-recourse mortgage indebtedness in the amount of at least $16.0 million, which will
allow the contributors to defer recognition of gain in connection with the contribution of the Las
Vegas hotel property as part of our formation.
Additionally, we are prohibited from selling or transferring the Sea Turtle Inn in Atlantic
Beach, Florida, for a certain period, if as a result, the entity from whom we acquired the property
would recognize gain for federal tax purposes.
4
Further, in connection with our acquisition of certain properties in March 2005 that were
contributed to us in exchange for units in our operating partnership, we agreed to certain tax
indemnities with respect to 11 of these properties. If we dispose of any of these 11 properties or
reduce the debt on these properties in a transaction that results in a taxable gain to the
contributors, we may be obligated to indemnify the contributors or their specified assignees
against the tax consequences of the transaction.
In general, tax indemnities equal to the amount of the federal, state, and local income tax
liability the contributor or its specified assignee incurs with respect to the gain allocated to
the contributor. The terms of the contribution agreements generally require us to gross up tax
indemnity payments for the amount of income taxes due as a result of the tax indemnity.
While the tax indemnities generally do not contractually limit our ability to conduct our
business in the way we desire, we are less likely to sell any of the contributed properties for
which we have agreed to the tax indemnities described above in a taxable transaction during the
applicable indemnity period. Instead, we would either hold the property for the entire indemnity
period or seek to transfer the property in a tax-deferred, like-kind exchange. In addition, a
condemnation of one of our properties could trigger our tax indemnification obligations.
Hotel franchise requirements could adversely affect distributions to our stockholders.
We must comply with operating standards, terms, and conditions imposed by the franchisors of
the hotel brands under which our hotels operate. Franchisors periodically inspect their licensed
hotels to confirm adherence to their operating standards. The failure of a hotel to maintain such
standards could result in the loss or cancellation of a franchise license. With respect to
operational standards, we rely on our property managers to conform to such standards. Franchisors
may also require us to make certain capital improvements to maintain the hotel in accordance with
system standards, the cost of which can be substantial. It is possible that a franchisor could
condition the continuation of a franchise based on the completion of capital improvements that our
management or board of directors determines to be too expensive or otherwise not economically
feasible in light of general economic conditions or the operating results or prospects of the
affected hotel. In that event, our management or board of directors may elect to allow the
franchise to lapse or be terminated, which could result in a change in brand franchising or
operation of the hotel as an independent hotel.
In addition, when the term of a franchise expires, the franchisor has no obligation to issue a
new franchise. The loss of a franchise could have a material adverse effect on the operations or
the underlying value of the affected hotel because of the loss of associated name recognition,
marketing support and centralized reservation systems provided by the franchisor. The loss of a
franchise could also have a material adverse effect on cash available for distribution to
stockholders.
Future terrorist attacks similar in nature to the events of September 11, 2001 may negatively
affect the performance of our properties, the hotel industry and our future results of operations
and financial condition.
The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, their after-effects and the resulting U.S.-led
military action in Iraq substantially reduced business and leisure travel throughout the United
States and hotel industry revenue per available room, or RevPAR, generally during the period
following September 11, 2001. We cannot predict the extent to which additional terrorist attacks,
acts of war or similar events may occur in the future or how such events would directly or
indirectly impact the hotel industry or our operating results. Future terrorist attacks, acts of
war or similar events could have further material adverse effects on the hotel industry at large
and our operations in particular.
Our investments will be concentrated in particular segments of a single industry.
Our entire business is hotel related. Our current investment strategy is to acquire or
develop upscale to upper-upscale hotels, acquire first mortgages on hotel properties, invest in
other mortgage-related instruments such as mezzanine loans to hotel owners and operators and
participate in hotel sale-leaseback transactions. Adverse
5
conditions in the hotel industry will have a material adverse effect on our operating and
investment revenues and cash available for distribution to our stockholders.
We rely on thirdparty property managers, including Remington Lodging, to operate our hotels and
for a significant majority of our cash flow.
For us to continue to qualify as a REIT, third parties must operate our hotels. A REIT may
lease its hotels to taxable REIT subsidiaries in which the REIT can own up to a 100% interest. A
taxable REIT subsidiary, or TRS, pays corporate level income tax and may retain any after-tax
income. A REIT must satisfy certain conditions to use the TRS structure. One of those conditions
is that the TRS must hire, to manage the hotels, an eligible independent contractor (EIC) that
is actively engaged in the trade or business of managing hotels for parties other than the REIT.
An EIC cannot (i) own more than 35% of the REIT, (ii) be owned more than 35% by persons owning more
than 35% of the REIT or (iii) provide any income to the REIT (i.e., the EIC cannot pay fees to the
REIT, and the REIT cannot own any debt or equity securities of the EIC).
Accordingly, while we may lease hotels to a TRS that we own, the TRS must engage a third-party
operator to manage the hotels. Thus our ability to direct and control how our hotels are operated
is less than if we were able to manage our hotels directly. We have entered into a management
agreement with Remington Lodging, which is owned 100% by Messrs. Archie and Montgomery Bennett, to
manage 29 of our 79 lodging properties, and we have hired unaffiliated third party property
managers to manage our remaining properties. We do not supervise any of the property managers or
their respective personnel on a day-to-day basis, and we cannot assure you that the property
managers will manage our properties in a manner that is consistent with their respective
obligations under applicable management agreements or our obligations under our hotel franchise
agreements. We also cannot assure you that our property managers will not be negligent in their
performance, will not engage in other criminal or fraudulent activity, or will not otherwise
default on their respective management obligations to us. If any of the foregoing occurs, our
relationships with the franchisors may be damaged, we may be in breach of the franchise agreement,
and we could incur liabilities resulting from loss or injury to our property or to persons at our
properties. Any of these circumstances could have a material adverse effect on our operating
results and financial condition, as well as our ability to pay dividends to stockholders.
If we cannot obtain additional financing, our growth will be limited.
We are required to distribute to our stockholders at least 90% of our taxable income,
excluding net capital gains, each year to continue to qualify as a REIT. As a result, our retained
earnings available to fund acquisitions, development or other capital expenditures are nominal. As
such, we rely upon the availability of additional debt or equity capital to fund these activities.
Our long-term ability to grow through acquisitions or development of hotel-related assets will be
limited if we cannot obtain additional financing. Market conditions may make it difficult to
obtain financing, and we cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain additional debt or equity
financing or that we will be able to obtain it on favorable terms.
We may be unable to generate sufficient revenue from operations to pay our operating expenses and
to pay dividends to our stockholders.
As a REIT, we are required to distribute at least 90% of our taxable income each year to our
stockholders. We intend to distribute to our stockholders all or substantially all of our taxable
income each year so as to qualify for the tax benefits accorded to REITs, but our ability to make
distributions may be adversely affected by the risk factors described in this prospectus. We
cannot assure you that we will be able to make distributions in the future. In the event of future
downturns in our operating results and financial performance, unanticipated capital improvements to
our hotels or declines in the value of our mortgage portfolio, we may be unable to declare or pay
distributions to our stockholders. The timing and amount of distributions are in the sole
discretion of our board of directors, which will consider, among other factors, our financial
performance, debt service obligations applicable debt covenants, and capital expenditure
requirements.
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We are subject to various risks related to our use of, and dependence on, debt.
The interest we pay on variablerate debt increases as interest rates increase, which may
decrease cash available for distribution to stockholders. We cannot assure you that we will be
able to meet our debt service obligations. If we do not meet our debt service obligations, we risk
the loss of some or all of our assets to foreclosure. Changes in economic conditions or our
financial results or prospects could (i) result in higher interest rates on variablerate debt,
(ii) reduce the availability of debt financing generally or debt financing at favorable rates,
(iii) reduce cash available for distribution to stockholders and (iv) increase the risk that we
could be forced to liquidate assets to repay debt, any of which could have a material adverse
affect on us.
If we violate covenants in any debt agreements, we could be required to repay all or a portion
of our indebtedness before maturity at a time when we might be unable to arrange financing for such
repayment on attractive terms, if at all. Violations of certain debt covenants may prohibit us
from borrowing unused amounts under our lines of credit, even if repayment of some or all the
borrowings is not required.
In any event, financial covenants under our current or future debt obligations could impair
our planned business strategies by limiting our ability to borrow beyond certain amounts or for
certain purposes.
Our governing instruments do not contain any limitation on our ability to incur indebtedness.
We compete with other hotels for guests. We also face competition for acquisitions of lodging
properties and of desirable mortgage investments.
The mid, upscale and upperupscale segments of the hotel business are competitive. Our hotels
compete on the basis of location, room rates, quality, service levels, reputation and reservation
systems, among many other factors. New hotels may be constructed and these additions to supply
create new competitors, in some cases without corresponding increases in demand for hotel rooms.
The result in some cases may be lower revenue, which would result in lower cash available for
distribution to stockholders.
We compete for hotel acquisitions with entities that have similar investment objectives as us.
This competition could limit the number of suitable investment opportunities offered to us. It
may also increase the bargaining power of property owners seeking to sell to us, making it more
difficult for us to acquire new properties on attractive terms or on the terms contemplated in our
business plan.
We also compete for mortgageasset investments with numerous public and private real estate
investment vehicles, such as mortgage banks, pension funds, other REITs, institutional investors
and individuals. Mortgages and other investments are often obtained through a competitive bidding
process. In addition, competitors may seek to establish relationships with the financial
institutions and other firms from which we intend to purchase such assets. Competition may result
in higher prices for mortgage assets, lower yields and a narrower spread of yields over our
borrowing costs.
Many of our competitors are larger than us, may have access to greater capital, marketing and
other resources, may have personnel with more experience than our officers, may be able to accept
higher levels of debt or otherwise may tolerate more risk than us, may have better relations with
hotel franchisors, sellers or lenders and may have other advantages over us in conducting certain
business and providing certain services.
We may engage in hedging transactions, which can limit our gains and increase exposure to losses.
We may enter into hedging transactions (i) to protect us from the effects of interest rate
fluctuations on floatingrate debt and (ii) to protect our portfolio of mortgage assets from
interest rate and prepayment rate fluctuations. Our hedging transactions may include entering into
interest rate swap agreements or interest rate cap or floor agreements, purchasing or selling
futures contracts, purchasing put and call options on securities or securities underlying futures
contracts, or entering into forward rate agreements. Hedging activities may not have the desired
beneficial impact on our results of operations or financial condition. No hedging activity can
completely
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insulate us from the risks associated with changes in interest rates and prepayment rates.
Moreover, interest rate hedging could fail to protect us or adversely affect us because, among
other things:
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Available interest rate hedging may not correspond directly with the interest rate risk
for which protection is sought. |
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The duration of the hedge may not match the duration of the related liability. |
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The party owing money in the hedging transaction may default on its obligation to pay. |
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The credit quality of the party owing money on the hedge may be downgraded to such an
extent that it impairs our ability to sell or assign our side of the hedging transaction. |
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The value of derivatives used for hedging may be adjusted from time to time in
accordance with generally accepted accounting rules to reflect changes in fair value.
Downward adjustments, or mark-to-market losses, would reduce our stockholders equity. |
Hedging involves both risks and costs, including transaction costs, that may reduce our
overall returns on our investments. These costs increase as the period covered by the hedging
relationship increases and during periods of rising and volatile interest rates. These costs will
also limit the amount of cash available for distributions to stockholders. We generally hedge as
much of the interest rate risk as management determines is in our best interests given the cost of
such hedging transactions. The REIT qualification rules may limit our ability to enter into
hedging transactions by requiring us to limit our income from hedges. If we are unable to hedge
effectively because of the REIT rules, we will face greater interest rate exposure than may be
commercially prudent.
We may not be able to sell our investments on favorable terms.
We may decide to sell investments for a variety of reasons. We cannot assure you that we will
be able to sell any of our investments on favorable terms, or that our investments will not be sold
for a loss.
Risks Related to Hotel Investments
We are subject to general risks associated with operating hotels.
Our hotels and hotels underlying our mortgage and mezzanine loans are subject to various
operating risks common to the hotel industry, many of which are beyond our control, including the
following:
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our hotels compete with other hotel properties in their geographic markets and many of
our competitors have substantial marketing and financial resources; |
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over-building in our markets, which adversely affects occupancy and revenues at our hotels; |
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dependence on business and commercial travelers and tourism; and |
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adverse effects of general, regional and local economic conditions and increases in
energy costs or labor costs and other expenses affecting travel, which may affect travel
patterns and reduce the number of business and commercial travelers and tourists. |
These factors could adversely affect our hotel revenues and expenses, as well as the hotels
underlying our mortgage and mezzanine loans, which in turn would adversely affect our ability to
make distributions to our stockholders.
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We may have to make significant capital expenditures to maintain our lodging properties.
Our hotels have an ongoing need for renovations and other capital improvements, including
replacements of furniture, fixtures and equipment. Franchisors of our hotels may also require
periodic capital improvements as a condition of maintaining franchise licenses. Generally, we are
responsible for the cost of these capital improvements, which gives rise to the following risks:
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cost overruns and delays; |
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renovations can be disruptive to operations and can displace revenue at the hotels,
including revenue lost while rooms under renovation are out of service; |
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the cost of funding renovations and the possibility that financing for these renovations
may not be available on attractive terms; and |
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the risk that the return on our investment in these capital improvements will not be
what we expect. |
If we have insufficient cash flow from operations to fund needed capital expenditures, then we
will need to borrow to fund future capital improvements.
The hotel business is seasonal, which affects our results of operations from quarter to quarter.
The hotel industry is seasonal in nature. Generally, occupancy rates and hotel revenues are
greater in the second and third quarters than in the first and fourth quarters. This seasonality
can cause quarterly fluctuations in our revenues.
Our development activities may be more costly than we have anticipated.
As part of our growth strategy, we may develop additional hotels. Hotel development involves
substantial risks, including that:
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actual development costs may exceed our budgeted or contracted amounts; |
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construction delays may prevent us from opening hotels on schedule; |
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we may not be able to obtain all necessary zoning, land use, building, occupancy and
construction permits; |
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our developed properties may not achieve our desired revenue or profit goals; and |
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we may incur substantial development costs and then have to abandon a development
project before completion. |
Risks Relating to Investments in Mortgages and Mezzanine Loans
Mortgage investments that are not United States government insured and non-investment grade
mortgage assets involve risk of loss.
As part of our business strategy, we originate and acquire lodging-related uninsured and
non-investment grade mortgage loans and mortgage assets, including mezzanine loans. While holding
these interests, we are subject to risks of borrower defaults, bankruptcies, fraud and related
losses and special hazard losses that are not covered by standard hazard insurance. Also, costs of
financing the mortgage loans could exceed returns on mortgage loans. In the event of any default
under mortgage loans held by us, we will bear the risk of loss of principal and non-payment of
interest and fees to the extent of any deficiency between the value of the mortgage collateral and
the principal amount of the mortgage loan. To the extent we suffer such losses with respect to our
investments in mortgage loans, our value and the price of our securities may be adversely affected.
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We invest in non-recourse loans, which will limit our recovery to the value of the mortgaged
property.
Our mortgage loan assets are generally non-recourse. With respect to our non-recourse
mortgage loan assets, in the event of a borrower default, the specific mortgaged property and other
assets, if any, pledged to secure the relevant mortgage loan, may be less than the amount owed
under the mortgage loan. As to those mortgage loan assets that provide for recourse against the
borrower and its assets generally, we cannot assure you that the recourse will provide a recovery
in respect of a defaulted mortgage loan greater than the liquidation value of the mortgaged
property securing that mortgage loan.
Investment yields affect our decision whether to originate or purchase investments and the price
offered for such investments.
In making any investment, we consider the expected yield of the investment and the factors
that may influence the yield actually obtained on such investment. These considerations affect our
decision whether to originate or purchase an investment and the price offered for that investment.
No assurances can be given that we can make an accurate assessment of the yield to be produced by
an investment. Many factors beyond our control are likely to influence the yield on the
investments, including, but not limited to, competitive conditions in the local real estate market,
local and general economic conditions and the quality of management of the underlying property.
Our inability to accurately assess investment yields may result in our purchasing assets that do
not perform as well as expected, which may adversely affect the price of our securities.
Volatility of values of mortgaged properties may adversely affect our mortgage loans.
Lodging property values and net operating income derived from lodging properties are subject
to volatility and may be affected adversely by a number of factors, including the risk factors
described in this prospectus relating to general economic conditions, operating lodging properties
and owning real estate investments. In the event its net operating income decreases, a borrower
may have difficulty paying our mortgage loan, which could result in losses to us. In addition,
decreases in property values reduce the value of collateral and potential proceeds available to a
borrower to repay our mortgage loans, which could also cause us to suffer losses.
Mezzanine loans involve greater risks of loss than senior loans secured by income producing
properties.
We make and acquire mezzanine loans. These types of mortgage loans are considered to involve
a higher degree of risk than long-term senior mortgage lending secured by income-producing real
property due to a variety of factors, including the loan becoming being entirely unsecured or, if
secured, unsecured as a result of foreclosure by the senior lender. We may not recover some or all
of our investment in these loans. In addition, mezzanine loans may have higher loan-to-value
ratios than conventional mortgage loans resulting in less equity in the property and increasing the
risk of loss of principal.
Risks Related to the Real Estate Industry
Mortgage debt obligations expose us to increased risk of property losses, which could harm our
financial condition, cash flow and ability to satisfy our other debt obligations and pay dividends.
Incurring mortgage debt increases our risk of property losses because defaults on indebtedness
secured by properties may result in foreclosure actions initiated by lenders and ultimately our
loss of the property securing any loans for which we are in default. For tax purposes, a
foreclosure of any of our properties would be treated as a sale of the property for a purchase
price equal to the outstanding balance of the debt secured by the mortgage. If the outstanding
balance of the debt secured by the mortgage exceeds our tax basis in the property, we would
recognize taxable income on the foreclosure but would not receive any cash proceeds. As a result,
we may be required to identify and utilize other sources of cash for distributions to our
stockholders of that income.
In addition, our default under any one of our mortgage debt obligations may result in a
default on our other indebtedness. If this occurs, our financial condition, cash flow and ability
to satisfy our other debt obligations or ability to pay dividends may be harmed.
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Illiquidity of real estate investments could significantly impede our ability to respond to adverse
changes in the performance of our properties and harm our financial condition.
Because real estate investments are relatively illiquid, our ability to promptly sell one or
more properties or mortgage loans in our portfolio in response to changing economic, financial and
investment conditions is limited. The real estate market is affected by many factors that are
beyond our control, including:
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adverse changes in national and local economic and market conditions; |
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changes in interest rates and in the availability, cost and terms of debt financing; |
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changes in governmental laws and regulations, fiscal policies and zoning and other
ordinances and costs of compliance with laws and regulations; |
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the ongoing need for capital improvements, particularly in older structures; |
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changes in operating expenses; and |
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civil unrest, acts of war and natural disasters, including earthquakes and floods, which
may result in uninsured and underinsured losses. |
We cannot predict whether we will be able to sell any property or loan for the price or on the
terms set by us, or whether any price or other terms offered by a prospective purchaser would be
acceptable to us. We also cannot predict the length of time needed to find a willing purchaser and
to close the sale of a property or loan. Because we intend to offer more flexible terms on our
mortgage loans than some providers of commercial mortgage loans, we may have more difficulty
selling or participating our loans to secondary purchasers than would these more traditional
lenders.
We may be required to expend funds to correct defects or to make improvements before a
property can be sold. We cannot assure you that we will have funds available to correct those
defects or to make those improvements. In acquiring a property, we may agree to lock-out
provisions that materially restrict us from selling that property for a period of time or impose
other restrictions, such as a limitation on the amount of debt that can be placed or repaid on that
property. These factors and any others that would impede our ability to respond to adverse changes
in the performance of our properties could have a material adverse effect on our operating results
and financial condition, as well as our ability to pay dividends to stockholders.
The costs of compliance with or liabilities under environmental laws may harm our operating
results.
Our properties and properties underlying our loan assets may be subject to environmental
liabilities. An owner of real property, or a lender with respect to a property that exercises
control over the property, can face liability for environmental contamination created by the
presence or discharge of hazardous substances on the property. We may face liability regardless
of:
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our knowledge of the contamination; |
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the timing of the contamination; |
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the cause of the contamination; or |
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the party responsible for the contamination. |
There may be environmental problems associated with our properties or properties underlying
our loan assets of which we are unaware. Some of our properties or properties underlying our loan
assets use, or may have used in the past, underground tanks for the storage of petroleum-based or
waste products that could create a potential for release of hazardous substances. If environmental
contamination exists on a property, we could become subject
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to strict, joint and several liability for the contamination if we own the property or if we
foreclose on the property or otherwise have control over the property.
The presence of hazardous substances on a property we own or have made a loan with respect to
may adversely affect our ability to sell or foreclose on the property, and we may incur substantial
remediation costs. The discovery of environmental liabilities attached to our properties or
properties underlying our loan assets could have a material adverse effect on our results of
operations, financial condition and ability to pay dividends to stockholders.
We have environmental insurance policies on each of our owned properties, and we intend to
obtain environmental insurance for any other properties that we may acquire. However, if
environmental liabilities are discovered during the underwriting of the insurance policies for any
property that we may acquire in the future, we may be unable to obtain insurance coverage for the
liabilities at commercially reasonable rates or at all, and we may experience losses. In addition,
we generally do not require our borrowers to obtain environmental insurance on the properties they
own that secure their loans from us.
Our properties and properties underlying our mortgage loans may contain or develop harmful mold,
which could lead to liability for adverse health effects and costs of remediating the problem.
When excessive moisture accumulates in buildings or on building materials, mold growth may
occur, particularly if the moisture problem remains undiscovered or is not addressed over a period
of time. Some molds may produce airborne toxins or irritants. Concern regarding indoor exposure
to mold has been increasing as exposure to mold may cause a variety of adverse health effects and
symptoms, including allergic or other reactions. As a result, the presence of significant mold at
any of our properties or properties underlying our loan assets could require us or our borrowers to
undertake a costly remediation program to contain or remove the mold from the affected property.
In addition, the presence of significant mold could expose us or our borrowers to liability from
guests, employees and others if property damage or health concerns arise.
Compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act and fire, safety and other regulations may
require us or our borrowers to make unintended expenditures that adversely impact our operating
results.
All of our properties and properties underlying our mortgage loans are required to comply with
the Americans with Disabilities Act, or the ADA. The ADA requires that public accommodations
such as hotels be made accessible to people with disabilities. Compliance with ADA requirements
could require removal of access barriers and non-compliance could result in imposition of fines by
the U.S. government or an award of damages to private litigants, or both. We or our borrowers may
be required to expend funds to comply with the provisions of ADA at our hotels or hotels underlying
our loan assets, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition and
our ability to make distributions to stockholders. In addition, we and our borrowers are required
to operate our properties in compliance with fire and safety regulations, building codes and other
landuse regulations, as they may be adopted by governmental agencies and bodies and become
applicable to our properties. We and our borrowers may be required to make substantial capital
expenditures to comply with those requirements, and these expenditures could have a material
adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition, as well as our ability to pay
dividends to stockholders.
We may experience uninsured or underinsured losses.
We have property and casualty insurance with respect to our properties and other insurance, in
each case, with loss limits and coverage thresholds deemed reasonable by our management (and with
the intent to satisfy the requirements of lenders and franchisors). In doing so, we have made
decisions with respect to what deductibles, policy limits and terms are reasonable based on
managements experience, our risk profile, the loss history of our property managers and our
properties, the nature of our properties and our businesses, our loss prevention efforts and the
cost of insurance.
Various types of catastrophic losses may not be insurable or may not be economically
insurable. In the event of a substantial loss, our insurance coverage may not cover the full
current market value or replacement cost of our lost investment. Inflation, changes in building
codes and ordinances, environmental considerations and other
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factors might cause insurance proceeds to be insufficient to fully replace or renovate a hotel
after it has been damaged or destroyed. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that (i) the
insurance coverage thresholds that we have obtained will fully protect us against insurable losses
(i.e., losses may exceed coverage limits); (ii) we will not incur large deductibles that will
adversely affect our earnings; (iii) we will not incur losses from risks that are not insurable or
that are not economically insurable; or (iv) current coverage thresholds will continue to be
available at reasonable rates. In the future, we may not choose to maintain terrorism insurance on
any of our properties. As a result, one or more large uninsured or underinsured losses could have
a material adverse affect on us.
Each of our current lenders requires us to maintain certain insurance coverage thresholds, and
we anticipate that future lenders will have similar requirements. We believe that we have complied
with the insurance maintenance requirements under the current governing loan documents and we
intend to comply with any such requirements in any future loan documents. However, a lender may
disagree, in which case the lender could obtain additional coverage thresholds and seek payment
from us, or declare us in default under the loan documents. In the former case, we could spend
more for insurance than we otherwise deem reasonable or necessary, or, in the latter case, subject
us to a foreclosure on hotels collateralizing one or more loans. In addition, a material casualty
to one or more hotels collateralizing loans may result in (i) the insurance company applying to the
outstanding loan balance insurance proceeds that otherwise would be available to repair the damage
caused by the casualty, which would require us to fund the repairs through other sources, or (ii)
the lender foreclosing on the hotels if there is a material loss that is not insured.
Risks Related to Our Status as a REIT
If we do not qualify as a REIT, we will be subject to tax as a regular corporation and face
substantial tax liability.
We conduct operations so as to qualify as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code. However,
qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex Internal Revenue
Code provisions for which only a limited number of judicial or administrative interpretations
exist. Even a technical or inadvertent mistake could jeopardize our REIT status. Furthermore, new
tax legislation, administrative guidance or court decisions, in each instance potentially with
retroactive effect, could make it more difficult or impossible for us to qualify as a REIT. If we
fail to qualify as a REIT in any tax year, then:
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we would be taxed as a regular domestic corporation, which, among other things, means
being unable to deduct distributions to stockholders in computing taxable income and being
subject to federal income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate rates; |
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we would also be subject to federal alternative minimum tax and, possibly, increased
state and local taxes; |
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any resulting tax liability could be substantial and would reduce the amount of cash
available for distribution to stockholders; and |
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unless we were entitled to relief under applicable statutory provisions, we would be
disqualified from treatment as a REIT for the subsequent four taxable years following the
year that we lost our qualification, and, thus, our cash available for distribution to
stockholders would be reduced for each of the years during which we did not qualify as a
REIT. |
If we fail to qualify as a REIT, we will not be required to make distributions to stockholders
to maintain our tax status. As a result of all of these factors, our failure to qualify as a REIT
would impair our ability to raise capital, expand our business and make distributions to our
stockholders and would adversely affect the value of our securities.
Even if we remain qualified as a REIT, we may face other tax liabilities that reduce our cash flow.
Even if we remain qualified for taxation as a REIT, we may be subject to certain federal,
state and local taxes on our income and assets. For example:
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We will be required to pay tax on undistributed REIT taxable income. |
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We may be required to pay the alternative minimum tax on our items of tax preference. |
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If we have net income from the disposition of foreclosure property held primarily for
sale to customers in the ordinary course of business or other non-qualifying income from
foreclosure property, we must pay tax on that income at the highest corporate rate. |
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If we sell a property in a prohibited transaction, our gain from the sale would be
subject to a 100% penalty tax. A prohibited transaction would be a sale of property,
other than a foreclosure property, held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary
course of business. |
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Our taxable REIT subsidiaries, including Ashford TRS Corporation and Ashford TRS VI
Corporation, are fully taxable corporations and will be required to pay federal and state
taxes on their income. |
Complying with REIT requirements may cause us to forego otherwise attractive opportunities.
To qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, we must continually satisfy tests
concerning, among other things, the sources of our income, the nature and diversification of our
assets, the amounts we distribute to our stockholders and the ownership of our stock. We may be
required to make distributions to stockholders at disadvantageous times or when we do not have
funds readily available for distribution. Thus, compliance with the REIT requirements may hinder
our ability to operate solely on the basis of maximizing profits.
Complying with REIT requirements may limit our ability to hedge effectively.
REIT provisions of the Internal Revenue Code may limit our ability to hedge mortgage
securities and related borrowings by requiring us to limit our income in each year from qualified
hedges, together with any other income not generated from qualified real estate assets, to no more
than 25% of our gross income. In addition, we must limit our aggregate income from nonqualified
hedging transactions, from our provision of services and from other non-qualifying sources to no
more than 5% of our annual gross income. As a result, we may have to limit our use of advantageous
hedging techniques. This could result in greater risks associated with changes in interest rates
than we would otherwise want to incur. If we were to violate the 25% or 5% limitations, we may
have to pay a penalty tax equal to the amount of income in excess of those limitations, multiplied
by a fraction intended to reflect our profitability. If we fail to satisfy the REIT gross income
tests, unless our failure was due to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect, we could lose
our REIT status for federal income tax purposes.
Complying with REIT requirements may force us to liquidate otherwise attractive investments.
To qualify as a REIT, we must also ensure that at the end of each calendar quarter at least
75% of the value of our assets consists of cash, cash items, government securities and qualified
REIT real estate assets. The remainder of our investment in securities (other than government
securities and qualified real estate assets) generally cannot include more than 10% of the
outstanding voting securities of any one issuer or more than 10% of the total value of the
outstanding securities of any one issuer. In addition, in general, no more than 5% of the value of
our assets (other than government securities and qualified real estate assets) can consist of the
securities of any one issuer, and no more than 20% of the value of our total securities can be
represented by securities of one or more taxable REIT subsidiaries. If we fail to comply with
these requirements at the end of any calendar quarter, we must correct such failure within 30 days
after the end of the calendar quarter to avoid losing our REIT status and suffering adverse tax
consequences. As a result, we may be required to liquidate otherwise attractive investments.
Complying with REIT requirements may force us to borrow to make distributions to stockholders.
As a REIT, we must distribute at least 90% of our annual taxable income (subject to certain
adjustments) to our stockholders. To the extent that we satisfy the distribution requirement, but
distribute less than 100% of our taxable income, we will be subject to federal corporate income tax
on our undistributed taxable income. In addition,
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we will be subject to a 4% nondeductible excise tax if the actual amount that we pay out to
our stockholders in a calendar year is less than a minimum amount specified under federal tax laws.
From time to time, we may generate taxable income greater than our net income for financial
reporting purposes due to, among other things, amortization of capitalized purchase premiums, or
our taxable income may be greater than our cash flow available for distribution to stockholders.
If we do not have other funds available in these situations, we could be required to borrow funds,
sell investments at disadvantageous prices or find another alternative source of funds to make
distributions sufficient to enable us to pay out enough of our taxable income to satisfy the
distribution requirement and avoid corporate income tax and the 4% excise tax in a particular year.
These alternatives could increase our costs or reduce our equity.
We may be subject to adverse legislative or regulatory tax changes that could reduce the market
price of our securities.
At any time, federal income tax laws governing REITs or the administrative interpretations of
those laws may be amended. Any of those new laws or interpretations may take effect retroactively
and could adversely affect us or you as a stockholder. On May 28, 2003, the President signed the
Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003, which we refer to as the Jobs and Growth Tax
Act. Effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2002, the Jobs and Growth Tax Act
reduced the maximum rate of tax applicable to individuals on dividend income from regular C
corporations from 38.6% to 15.0%. This reduced substantially the so-called double taxation (that
is, taxation at both the corporate and stockholder levels) that has generally applied to
corporations that are not taxed as REITs. Generally, dividends from REITs will not qualify for the
dividend tax reduction. The implementation of the Jobs and Growth Tax Act could ultimately cause
individual investors to view stocks of non-REIT corporations as more attractive relative to shares
of REITs than was the case previously because the dividends paid by non-REIT corporations would be
subject to lower tax rates for the individual. We cannot predict whether in fact this will occur
or whether, if it occurs, what the impact will be on the value of our securities.
Your investment in our securities has various federal, state and local income tax risks that could
affect the value of your investment.
Although the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code relevant to your investment in our
securities are generally described in Federal Income Tax Consequences of Our Status as a REIT, we
strongly urge you to consult your own tax advisor concerning the effects of federal, state and
local income tax law on an investment in our securities, because of the complex nature of the tax
rules applicable to REITs and their stockholders.
Risk Factors Related to Our Corporate Structure
There are no assurances of our ability to make distributions in the future.
We intend to continue paying quarterly dividends and to make distributions to our stockholders
in amounts such that all or substantially all of our taxable income in each year, subject to
certain adjustments, is distributed. This, along with other factors, should enable us to qualify
for the tax benefits accorded to a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code. However, our ability to
pay dividends may be adversely affected by the risk factors described in this prospectus. All
distributions will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend upon our
earnings, our financial condition, maintenance of our REIT status and such other factors as our
board of directors may deem relevant from time to time. There are no assurances of our ability to
pay dividends in the future. In addition, some of our distributions may include a return of
capital.
Failure to maintain an exemption from the Investment Company Act would adversely affect our results
of operations.
We will conduct our business in a manner that allows us to avoid registration as an investment
company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, or the 1940 Act. Under Section 3(c)(5)(C) of the
1940 Act, entities that are primarily engaged in the business of purchasing or otherwise acquiring
mortgages and other liens on and interests in real estate are not treated as investment
companies. The SEC staffs position generally requires us to
15
maintain at least 55% of our assets directly in qualifying real estate interests to be able to
rely on this exemption. To constitute a qualifying real estate interest under this 55%
requirement, a real estate interest must meet various criteria. Mortgage securities that do not
represent all of the certificates issued with respect to an underlying pool of mortgages may be
treated as securities separate from the underlying mortgage loans and, thus, may not qualify for
purposes of the 55% requirement. Our ownership of these mortgage securities, therefore, is limited
by the provisions of the 1940 Act and SEC staff interpretive positions. There are no assurances
that efforts to pursue our intended investment program will not be adversely affected by operation
of these rules.
Our charter does not permit ownership in excess of 9.8% of our capital stock, and attempts to
acquire our capital stock in excess of the 9.8% limit without approval from our board of directors
are void.
For the purpose of preserving our REIT qualification, our charter prohibits direct or
constructive ownership by any person of more than 9.8% of the lesser of the total number or value
of the outstanding shares of our common stock or more than 9.8% of the lesser of the total number
or value of the outstanding shares of our preferred stock, unless our board of directors grants a
waiver. Our charters constructive ownership rules are complex and may cause the outstanding stock
owned by a group of related individuals or entities to be deemed to be constructively owned by one
individual or entity. As a result, the acquisition of less than 9.8% of the outstanding stock by
an individual or entity could cause that individual or entity to own constructively in excess of
9.8% of the outstanding stock, and thus be subject to our charters ownership limit. Any attempt
to own or transfer shares of our common or preferred stock in excess of the ownership limit without
the consent of the board of directors will be void, and could result in the shares being
automatically transferred to a charitable trust.
Because provisions contained in Maryland law and our charter may have an anti-takeover effect,
investors may be prevented from receiving a control premium for their shares.
Provisions contained in our charter and Maryland general corporation law may have effects that
delay, defer or prevent a takeover attempt, which may prevent stockholders from receiving a
control premium for their shares. For example, these provisions may defer or prevent tender
offers for our common stock or purchases of large blocks of our common stock, thereby limiting the
opportunities for our stockholders to receive a premium for their common stock over then-prevailing
market prices. These provisions include the following:
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Ownership limit: The ownership limit in our charter limits related investors, including,
among other things, any voting group, from acquiring over 9.8% of our common stock without
our permission. |
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Classification of preferred stock: Our charter authorizes our board of directors to
issue preferred stock in one or more classes and to establish the preferences and rights of
any class of preferred stock issued. These actions can be taken without soliciting
stockholder approval. Our preferred stock issuances could have the effect of delaying or
preventing someone from taking control of us, even if a change in control were in our
stockholders best interests. |
Maryland statutory law provides that an act of a director relating to or affecting an
acquisition or a potential acquisition of control of a corporation may not be subject to a higher
duty or greater scrutiny than is applied to any other act of a director. Hence, directors of a
Maryland corporation are not required to act in takeover situations under the same standards as
apply in Delaware and other corporate jurisdictions.
Offerings of debt securities, which would be senior to our common stock and preferred stock upon
liquidation, or equity securities, which would dilute our existing stockholders and may be senior
to our common stock for purposes of dividend distributions, may adversely affect the market price
of our common stock and any preferred stock.
We have issued preferred stock and may offer debt securities. Additionally, in the future, we
may attempt to increase our capital resources by making additional offerings of debt or equity
securities, including commercial paper, medium-term notes, senior or subordinated notes and classes
of preferred stock or common stock or classes of preferred units. Upon liquidation, holders of our
debt securities or preferred units and lenders with respect to other borrowings will receive a
distribution of our available assets prior to the holders of shares of preferred stock or
16
common stock, and holders of our debt securities and shares of preferred stock or preferred
units and lenders with respect to other borrowings will receive a distribution of our available
assets prior to the holders of our common stock. Additional equity offerings may dilute the
holdings of our existing stockholders or reduce the market price of our common or preferred stock,
or both. Our preferred stock or preferred units, if issued, could have a preference on liquidating
distributions or a preference on dividend payments that could limit our ability to make a dividend
distribution to the holders of our common stock. Because our decision to issue securities in any
future offering will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot
predict or estimate the amount, timing or nature of our future offerings. Thus, our stockholders
bear the risk of our future offerings reducing the market price of our securities and diluting
their securities holdings in us.
Securities eligible for future sale may have adverse effects on the market price of our securities.
We cannot predict the effect, if any, of future sales of securities, or the availability of
securities for future sales, on the market price of our outstanding securities. Sales of
substantial amounts of common stock or the perception that such sales could occur, may adversely
affect prevailing market prices for our securities.
We also may issue from time to time additional shares of securities or units of our operating
partnership in connection with the acquisition of properties and we may grant additional demand or
piggyback registration rights in connection with these issuances. Sales of substantial amounts of
our securities or the perception that these sales could occur may adversely affect the prevailing
market price for our securities or may impair our ability to raise capital through a sale of
additional debt or equity securities.
We depend on key personnel with long-standing business relationships, the loss of whom could
threaten our ability to operate our business successfully.
Our future success depends, to a significant extent, upon the continued services of our
management team. In particular, the lodging industry experience of Messrs. Archie and Montgomery
Bennett, Kessler, Brooks, Kimichik and Nunneley and the extent and nature of the relationships they
have developed with hotel franchisors, operators and owners and hotel lending and other financial
institutions are critically important to the success of our business. We do not maintain
keyperson life insurance on any of our officers. Although these officers currently have
employment agreements with us, we cannot assure you of the continued employment of all of our
officers. The loss of services of one or more members of our corporate management team could harm
our business and our prospects.
An increase in market interest rates may have an adverse effect on the market price of our
securities.
A factor that investors may consider in deciding whether to buy or sell our securities is our
dividend rate as a percentage of our share or unit price, relative to market interest rates. If
market interest rates increase, prospective investors may desire a higher dividend or interest rate
on our securities or seek securities paying higher dividends or interest. The market price of our
securities is likely based on the earnings and return that we derive from our investments and
income with respect to our properties and our related distributions to stockholders, and not from
the market value or underlying appraised value of the properties or investments themselves. As a
result, interest rate fluctuations and capital market conditions can affect the market price of our
securities. For instance, if interest rates rise without an increase in our dividend rate, the
market price of our common or preferred stock could decrease because potential investors may
require a higher dividend yield on our common or preferred stock as market rates on
interest-bearing securities, such as bonds, rise. In addition, rising interest rates would result
in increased interest expense on our variablerate debt, thereby adversely affecting cash flow and
our ability to service our indebtedness and pay dividends.
17
Our major policies, including our policies and practices with respect to investments, financing, growth, debt capitalization, REIT qualification and distributions, are determined by our board of directors. Although we have no present intention to do so, our board of directors may amend or revise these and other policies from time to time without a vote of our stockholders. Accordingly, our stockholders will have limited control over changes in our policies and the changes could harm our business, results of operations and share price.
Changes in our strategy or investment or leverage policy could expose us to greater credit risk and interest rate risk or could result in a more leveraged balance sheet. We cannot predict the effect any changes to our current operating policies and strategies may have on our business, operating results and stock price. However, the effects may be adverse.
18
USE OF PROCEEDS
We will not receive any of the proceeds from the issuance or sale of the common stock offered
by this prospectus; however, we will pay certain registration expenses related to this offering.
REDEMPTION OF UNITS
General
Each unit holder may, subject to certain limitations and only after certain specified dates,
require that our operating partnership redeem all or a portion of the units held by such unit
holder for cash, or at the general partners election, for shares of our common stock (on a
one-for-one basis, subject to certain adjustments). The number of shares of common stock which may
be redeemed for units is subject to adjustment in the event of stock splits, stock dividends,
issuance of certain rights, certain dividends and distributions and similar events.
Each unit holder must notify the general partner of its desire to require the partnership to
redeem its units by delivering a notice of redemption, in substantially the form attached as an
exhibit to the partnership agreement, to the general partner. Such holder shall have the right to
receive an amount of cash from the partnership equal to the Cash Amount (as defined in the
partnership agreement). The operating partnership shall have up to 120 days following exercise of
the redemption right to pay the Cash Amount. However, if the general partner elects to acquire
such tendered units in exchange for shares of our common stock, the holder shall have no right to
cause the operating partnership to redeem the units for cash. Such an acquisition of the units by
the general partner should be treated as a sale of the units by the redeeming unit holders to us
for federal income tax purposes. See Tax Consequences of Redemption below. Upon redemption of
the units, the holders rights to receive distributions with respect to the units will cease (but
if such units are redeemed for shares of our common stock, the holder will have rights as our
stockholder from the time of its acquisition of the shares of common stock) and such holder will
cease to be a limited partner of the operating partnership as to those units redeemed.
If the general partner elects to satisfy any redemption right exercised by a unit holder
through issuance of our common stock, the shares of common stock will be delivered as duly
authorized, validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable shares, free of any pledge, lien,
encumbrance or restriction, other than those provided in our charter and bylaws, the Securities Act
of 1933, as amended, and relevant state securities or blue sky laws with respect to such shares of
common stock. Notwithstanding any delay in such delivery, a holder shall be deemed the owner of
such shares of common stock and rights for all purposes, including, without limitation, rights to
vote or consent, receive dividends, and exercise rights, as of the redemption date.
Certain Conditions to Redemption
Notwithstanding anything contained herein to the contrary, the redemption rights are subject
to certain conditions, including, but not limited to, the following:
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In order to protect our status as a REIT, no unit holder shall be entitled to
effect a redemption, if such redemption would cause such holder or any other person
to violate the provisions of our charter. |
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No unit holder may effect a redemption for less than 1,000 units, or if such
holder holds less than 1,000 units, all of the units held by such holder. |
Registration Rights
We have filed the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part pursuant to our
obligations under a registration rights agreement we entered into in connection with the
acquisition of one of our hotel properties. Under the registration rights agreement, we are
obligated to use our reasonable efforts to keep the registration statement continuously effective
for a period expiring on the date on which all shares of common stock covered by this prospectus
(i) have been disposed of by the recipient pursuant to this registration statement; (ii) have been
sold
19
pursuant to Rule 144 under the Securities Act of 1933; (iii) may be sold pursuant to Rule 144
under the Securities Act of 1933 and could be sold in one transaction in accordance with the volume
limitations contained in Rule 144(e)(1)(i) under the Securities Act of 1933; or (iv) have been
otherwise transferred in a transaction that would constitute a sale under the Securities Act, we
have delivered a new certificate or other evidence of ownership for such shares not bearing the
Securities Act of 1933 restricted stock legend and such shares may be resold without restriction
under the Securities Act.
We have no obligation under these agreements to retain any underwriter to effect the sale of
the common stock covered by the registration rights agreement, and the registration statement will
not be available for use for an underwritten public offering of such shares.
Pursuant to the registration rights agreement, we agreed to pay all expenses of effecting the
registration of the shares of common stock covered by this prospectus, other than underwriting
fees, discounts and commissions, or any out-of-pocket expenses of the holders of the units or any
transfer taxes relating to the registration or sale of the shares of common stock covered by this
prospectus.
Tax Consequences of Redemption
The following discussion summarizes certain federal income tax considerations that may be
relevant to a holder who exercises such holders right to require the redemption of such holders
units. (A holders right to require the redemption of units is referred to in the remainder of
this section as the Redemption Right.) Because the specific tax consequences to a holder
exercising such holders Redemption Right will depend upon the specific circumstances of that
holder, each holder considering exercising the Redemption Right is strongly urged to consult such
holders own tax advisor regarding the specific federal, state, local and non-U.S. tax consequences
to such holder of the exercise of the Redemption Right in light of such holders specific
circumstances.
Tax Treatment of Redemption of Units
To the extent that we assume and perform the redemption obligation, the redemption likely
would be treated for tax purposes as a sale of units to us in a fully taxable transaction, although
the matter is not free from doubt. In that event, such sale will be fully taxable to the redeeming
holder and such redeeming holder will be treated as realizing for tax purposes an amount equal to
the value of the common stock received in the exchange plus the amount of partnership nonrecourse
liabilities allocable to the redeemed units at the time of the redemption. The determination of
the amount of gain or loss in the event of sale treatment is discussed more fully below.
To the extent that we do not elect to assume the obligation to redeem a holders units, our
operating partnership will redeem such units for cash. If the operating partnership redeems units
for cash that we contribute to the partnership to effect such redemption, the redemption of those
units likely would be treated for tax purposes as a sale of such units to us in a fully taxable
transaction, although the matter is not free from doubt. In that event, the redeeming holder would
be treated as realizing an amount equal to the sum of the cash received in the exchange plus the
amount of partnership nonrecourse liabilities allocable to the redeemed units at the time of the
redemption. The determination of the amount of gain or loss in the event of sale treatment is
discussed more fully below.
If, instead, the partnership redeems a holders units for cash that is not contributed by us
to effect the redemption, the tax consequences would be the same as described in the previous
paragraph, except that if the holder redeems less than all of a holders units, the holder would
not be permitted to recognize any loss occurring on the transaction and would recognize taxable
gain only to the extent that the cash, plus the share of partnership nonrecourse liabilities
allocable to the redeemed units, exceeded the holders adjusted basis in all of such holders units
immediately before the redemption.
Tax Treatment of Disposition of Units by a U.S. Holder Generally
As used in the remainder of this discussion, the term U.S. holder means a beneficial owner
of the units that is for United States federal income tax purposes:
20
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a citizen or resident of the United States; |
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a corporation or partnership (including an entity treated as a corporation or
partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) created or organized in or under the laws
of the United States or of a political subdivision thereof; |
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an estate whose income is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its
source; or |
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any trust if (1) a U.S. court is able to exercise primary supervision over the
administration of such trust and one or more U.S. persons have the authority to control all
substantial decisions of the trust or (2) it has a valid election in place to be treated as
a U.S. person. |
Generally, in the case of a partnership that holds units, any partner that would be a U.S.
holder if it held units directly is also a U.S. holder. A non-U.S. holder is a holder, including
any partner in a partnership that holds our units, that is not a U.S. holder.
If a unit is redeemed from a U.S. holder in a manner that is treated as a sale of the unit, or
a U.S. holder otherwise disposes of a unit, the determination of gain or loss from the sale or
other disposition will be based on the difference between the amount considered realized for tax
purposes and the tax basis in such unit. See Basis of Units below. Upon the sale of a unit, the
amount realized will be measured by the sum of the cash and fair market value of other property
(e.g., common stock) received plus the portion of partnership nonrecourse liabilities allocable to
the unit sold. To the extent that the amount of cash or property received plus the allocable share
of partnership nonrecourse liabilities exceeds the holders basis for the unit disposed of, such
holder will recognize gain. It is possible that the amount of gain recognized or even the tax
liability resulting from such gain could exceed the amount of cash and the value of any other
property (e.g., shares of common stock) received upon such disposition.
Except as described below, any gain recognized by a unit holder, other than a dealer in
units, upon a redemption of units held for more than one year will generally be treated as capital
gain or loss. To the extent, however, that the amount realized upon the sale of a unit
attributable to a holders share of unrealized receivables of the partnership (as defined in
Section 751 of the Code) exceeds the basis attributable to those assets, such excess will be
treated as ordinary income. Unrealized receivables include, to the extent not previously included
in partnership income, any rights to payment for services rendered or to be rendered. Unrealized
receivables also include amounts that would be subject to recapture as ordinary income, such as
depreciation recapture, if the partnership had sold its assets at their fair market value at the
time of the transfer of a unit. Each holder is strongly urged to consult such holders own tax
advisor regarding the specific federal, state, local and non-U.S. tax consequences to such holder
resulting from a redemption of units.
Tax Treatment of Disposition of Units by a Non-U.S. Holder Generally
If a unit is redeemed by a non-U.S. holder in a manner that is treated as a sale of the unit,
or a non-U.S. holder otherwise disposes of a unit, the non-U.S. holder generally will be subject to
regular U.S. income tax in the same manner as a taxable U.S. holder to the extent that either (a)
the assets held by the partnership constitute either U.S. real property interests within the
meaning of the Foreign Investments in Real Property Tax Act of 1980 (FIRPTA) or (b) the assets
are considered to be effectively connected with the partnerships U.S. trade or business. Most of
our assets will be U.S. real property interests and some of our remaining assets that are not U.S.
real property interests will be considered to be effectively connected with a U.S. trade or
business. As a result, a non-U.S. holder will be subject to regular U.S. income tax in the same
manner as a taxable U.S. holder with respect to most, if not all, of the gain recognized on such
sale.
Further, the purchaser of the units from a non-U.S. holder (including us in the case of a
redemption) will be required to withhold 10% of the amount realized from the sale. As noted
previously, the amount realized is equal to the sum of the cash price paid to the seller, the fair
market value of other property transferred to the seller (e.g., common stock) and the outstanding
amount of any liability assumed by the purchaser or to which the U.S. real property interest is
subject immediately before and after the transfer (e.g., the portion of partnership nonrecourse
21
liabilities allocated to the units sold). As a result, we will withhold at least a portion of the
cash or common stock that would have been otherwise been paid to the non-U.S. holder upon a
redemption by the non-U.S. holder to satisfy this withholding requirement. This withholding
requirement does not relieve the non-U.S. holder from filing any U.S. federal income tax return
that may have otherwise been required. However, any amounts withheld under these withholding rules
will be allowed as a credit against the non-U.S. holders U.S. federal income tax and may entitle
the non-U.S. holder to a refund, provided that the required information is furnished to the
Internal Revenue Service. A party redeeming the units may seek a determination from the Internal
Revenue Service regarding that partys maximum tax liability that may reduce the amount required to
be withheld. A party that desires to seek such a determination should consult such partys own tax
advisor.
Basis of Units
In general, a holder who received units upon liquidation of a partnership had an initial tax
basis in such units (Initial Basis) equal to the basis in the liquidated partnership interest at
the time of such liquidation. Similarly, in general, a holder who contributed a partnership
interest or other property in exchange for units had an Initial Basis in the units equal to the
basis in the contributed partnership interest or property. A holders Initial Basis in units
generally is increased by (a) such holders share of partnership taxable income, (b) increases in
such holders share of liabilities of the partnership and (c) such holders subsequent
contributions. Generally, such holders Initial Basis in units is decreased (but not below zero)
by (i) its share of partnership distributions, (ii) decreases in such holders share of liabilities
of the partnership, (iii) such holders share of losses of the partnership and (iv) such holders
share of nondeductible expenditures of the partnership that are not chargeable to capital.
Potential Application of the Disguised Sale Regulations to a Redemption of Units
In the case of a limited partner who contributed property to the partnership in exchange for
units, there is a possibility that a redemption of units might cause the original transfer of
property to the partnership in exchange for units to be treated as a disguised sale of property.
The Code and the Treasury regulations thereunder (the Disguised Sale Regulations) generally
provide that, unless one of the prescribed exceptions is applicable, a partners contribution of
property to a partnership and a simultaneous or subsequent transfer of money or other consideration
(including the assumption of or taking subject to a liability) from the partnership to the partner
will be presumed to be a sale, in whole or in part, of such property by the partner to the
partnership. The Disguised Sale Regulations also provide, however, that if two years have passed
between the transfer of money or other consideration (for example, common stock) and the
contribution of property, the transactions will not be presumed to be a sale unless the facts and
circumstances clearly establish that the transfers constitute a sale. If two years have not passed
between the transfer of money or other consideration (for example, common stock) and the
contribution of property, the transactions will be presumed to be a sale unless the facts and
circumstances clearly establish that the transfers do not constitute a sale.
Accordingly, if the partnership redeems a unit, the IRS could contend that the redemption
should be treated as a disguised sale because the redeeming unit holder will receive cash or shares
of common stock after having contributed property to the partnership. If the IRS took that
position successfully, the issuance of the units in exchange for the contributed property could be
taxable as a disguised sale under the Disguised Sale Regulations. Each holder should consult with
such holders own tax advisor to determine whether a redemption of units could be subject to the
Disguised Sale Regulations.
SELLING STOCKHOLDERS
This prospectus relates to the issuance or the offer and sale from time to time of up to
6,439,575 shares of our common stock by the selling stockholders described below.
We may issue up to 5,657,917 shares of the common stock covered by this prospectus in exchange
for units of limited partnership interest in our operating partnership if and to the extent that
the holders of the units redeem the units and we elect to issue shares of common stock in exchange
for such units. The persons receiving shares of our common stock upon the redemption of units, and
their respective pledgees, donees, and other successors in interest, may offer and resell such
shares from time to time pursuant to this prospectus. Additionally, certain other selling
stockholders who received a cumulative of 781,658 shares of restricted common stock in connection
with, or
22
simultaneously with, our initial public offering, and their respective pledgees, donees,
and other successors in interest, may resell such shares from time to time pursuant to this
prospectus.
The following table sets forth certain information with respect to the selling stockholders
and their ownership of shares of our common stock as of the date hereof. The registration
statement of which this prospectus is a part shall also cover any additional shares of our common
stock which become issuable in connection with the shares registered for sale by such registration
statement by reason of any stock dividend, stock split, recapitalization or other similar
transaction effected without the receipt of consideration which results in an increase in the
number of our outstanding shares of common stock. Although the selling stockholders may sell none,
some or all of the shares offered hereby, and although there are currently no agreements,
arrangements or understandings with respect to the sale of any of such shares, for purposes of the
table set forth below, we have assumed that each selling stockholder will sell all of the shares of
such stockholder offered by this prospectus.
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Shares of |
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Shares of our |
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our |
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Common |
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Common |
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Stock |
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Maximum |
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Stock |
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Issuable in |
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Shares of our |
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Shares of Our |
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Owned |
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the Exchange |
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Shares of Our Common |
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Common |
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Common Stock |
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Prior to the |
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and Available |
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Stock Owned Following |
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Stock to be |
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Owned after |
Name |
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Exchange(1) |
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for Resale |
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the Exchange(1)(2) |
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Resold |
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Resale(2)(3) |
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Shares |
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Percent |
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Shares |
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Percent |
5820 General Partnership(4) |
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1,139,888 |
(5) |
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1,974,457 |
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3,114,345 |
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5.31 |
% |
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2,332,774 |
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781,571 |
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1.33 |
% |
Dartmore General Partnership(6) |
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1,139,888 |
(5) |
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1,974,457 |
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3,114,345 |
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5.31 |
% |
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2,332,774 |
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781,571 |
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1.33 |
% |
Ashford Financial
Corporation(7) |
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1,025,000 |
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1,025,000 |
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1.80 |
% |
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1,025,000 |
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* |
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3MB Associates LLC(8) |
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220,647 |
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220,647 |
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* |
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220,647 |
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* |
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David A. Brooks(9) |
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132,072 |
(10) |
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220,647 |
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352,719 |
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* |
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220,647 |
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132,072 |
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* |
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Mark Nunneley(11) |
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56,389 |
(12) |
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88,257 |
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144,646 |
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* |
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88,257 |
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56,389 |
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* |
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Mark Sharkey(13) |
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110,323 |
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110,323 |
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* |
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110,323 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* |
|
Mary Villarreal(14) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
44,129 |
|
|
|
44,129 |
|
|
|
* |
|
|
|
44,129 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* |
|
Friedman Billings Ramsey & Co., Inc. (15) |
|
|
65,024 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
65,024 |
|
|
|
* |
|
|
|
65,024 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* |
|
|
|
|
8,928,684 |
|
|
|
5,657,917 |
|
|
|
8,928,684 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6,439,575 |
|
|
|
1,751,603 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* |
|
Less than 1.0 percent.
|
|
(1) |
|
Based on information available to us as of the date of this prospectus supplement. |
|
(2) |
|
Assumes that we exchange the common units of the selling stockholders for shares of our common
stock. The percentage ownership is determined for each selling stockholder by taking into account
the issuance and sale of shares of our common stock issued in exchange for units of only such
selling stockholder. Also assumes that no transactions with respect to our common stock or units
occur other than the exchange. |
|
(3) |
|
Assumes the selling stockholders sell all of their shares of our common stock offered pursuant
to this prospectus. The percentage ownership is determined for each selling stockholder by taking
into account the issuance and sale of shares of our common stock issued in exchange for units of
only such selling stockholder. Also assumes that no transactions with respect to our common stock
or units occur other than the exchange and resale by such selling stockholder. |
|
(4) |
|
5820 General Partnership is indirectly wholly-owned by Mr. Archie Bennett, Jr., the Chairman of
our board of directors. |
|
(5) |
|
Includes 358,317 shares of our common stock previously issued to this stockholder and available
for resale pursuant to this prospectus and 781,571 shares of our common stock that are issuable to
this selling stockholder, at our option, upon conversion of units of our operating partnership into
shares of our common stock, the resale of which is not covered by this prospectus. |
|
(6) |
|
Dartmore General Partnership is indirectly wholly-owned by Mr. Montgomery Bennett, our
President and Chief Executive Officer. |
|
(7) |
|
Ashford Financial Corporation is wholly-owned by Mr. Archie Bennett, the Chairman of our board
of directors and Mr. Montgomery Bennett, our President and Chief Executive Officer. |
|
(8) |
|
The managing member of 3MB Associates LLC is Martin L. Edelman who has served on our board of
directors since completion of our initial public offering in August 2003. |
|
(9) |
|
David A Brooks serves as our Chief Legal Officer. |
|
(10) |
|
Includes 86,284 shares of our common stock previously issued to this stockholder, the resale
of which is not covered by this prospectus and 45,788 shares of our common stock that are issuable
to this selling stockholder, at our option, upon conversion of units of our operating partnership
into shares of our common stock, the resale of which is not covered by this prospectus. |
|
(11) |
|
Mark Nunneley serves as our Chief Accounting Officer. |
|
(12) |
|
Includes 38,056 shares of our common stock previously issued to this stockholder, the resale
of which is not covered by this prospectus and 18,333 shares of our common stock that are issuable
to this selling stockholder, at our option, upon conversion of units of our operating partnership
into shares of our common stock, the resale of which is not covered by this prospectus. |
|
(13) |
|
Mark Sharkey serves as Chief Operating Officer of Remington Hotel Corporation., an affiliate
of Remington Lodging and Hospitality, L.P., our primary property manager. |
|
(14) |
|
Mary Villarreal serves as Senior Vice President of Remington Hotel Corporation., an affiliate
of Remington Lodging and Hospitality, L.P., our primary property manager. |
|
(15) |
|
Friedman Billings Ramsey & Co., Inc. acted as an underwriter in our initial public offering in
August 2003 and received these shares as partial consideration for its services in connection with
that offering. |
23
DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK
General
We were formed under the laws of the State of Maryland. Rights of our stockholders are
governed by the Maryland General Corporation Law, or MGCL, our charter and our bylaws. The
following is a summary of the material provisions of our capital stock. Copies of our charter and
bylaws are filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part. See
Where You Can Find More Information.
Authorized Stock
Our charter provides that we may issue up to 200 million shares of voting common stock, par
value $.01 per share, and 50 million shares of preferred stock, par value $.01 per share.
Power to Issue Additional Shares of Our Common Stock and Preferred Stock
We believe that the power of our board of directors, without stockholder approval, to issue
additional authorized but unissued shares of our common stock or preferred stock and to classify or
reclassify unissued shares of our common stock or preferred stock and thereafter to cause us to
issue such classified or reclassified shares of stock provides us with flexibility in structuring
possible future financings and acquisitions and in meeting other needs which might arise. The
additional classes or series, as well as the common stock, will be available for issuance without
further action by our stockholders, unless stockholder consent is required by applicable law or the
rules of any stock exchange or automated quotation system on which our securities may be listed or
traded. Although our board of directors does not intend to do so, it could authorize us to issue an
additional class or series of stock that could, depending upon the terms of the particular class or
series, delay, defer or prevent a transaction or a change of control of our company that might
involve a premium price for our stockholders or otherwise be in their best interest.
Restrictions on Ownership and Transfer
In order for us to qualify as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code or Code, not more than
50% of the value of the outstanding shares of our stock may be owned, actually or constructively,
by five or fewer individuals (as defined in the Code to include certain entities) during the last
half of a taxable year (other than the first year for which an election to be a REIT has been made
by us). In addition, if we, or one or more owners (actually or constructively) of 10% or more of
us, actually or constructively owns 10% or more of a tenant of ours (or a tenant of any partnership
in which we are a partner), the rent received by us (either directly or through any such
partnership) from such tenant will not be qualifying income for purposes of the REIT gross income
tests of the Code. Our stock must also be beneficially owned by 100 or more persons during at least
335 days of a taxable year of 12 months or during a proportionate part of a shorter taxable year
(other than the first year for which an election to be a REIT has been made by us).
Our charter contains restrictions on the ownership and transfer of our capital stock that are
intended to assist us in complying with these requirements and continuing to qualify as a REIT. The
relevant sections of our charter provide that, subject to the exceptions described below, no person
or persons acting as a group may own, or be deemed to own by virtue of the attribution provisions
of the Code, more than (i) 9.8% of the lesser of the number or value of shares of our common stock
outstanding or (ii) 9.8% of the lesser of the number or value of the issued and outstanding
preferred or other shares of any class or series of our stock. We refer to this restriction as the
ownership limit.
The ownership attribution rules under the Code are complex and may cause stock owned actually
or constructively by a group of related individuals and/or entities to be owned constructively by
one individual or entity. As a result, the acquisition of less than 9.8% of our common stock (or
the acquisition of an interest in an entity that owns, actually or constructively, our common
stock) by an individual or entity, could, nevertheless cause that individual or entity, or another
individual or entity, to own constructively in excess of 9.8% of our outstanding common stock and
thereby subject the common stock to the ownership limit.
24
Our board of directors may, in its sole discretion, waive the ownership limit with respect to
one or more stockholders who would not be treated as individuals for purposes of the Code if it
determines that such ownership will not cause any individuals beneficial ownership of shares of
our capital stock to jeopardize our status as a REIT (for example, by causing any tenant of ours to
be considered a related party tenant for purposes of the REIT qualification rules).
As a condition of our waiver, our board of directors may require an opinion of counsel or IRS
ruling satisfactory to our board of directors, and/or representations or undertakings from the
applicant with respect to preserving our REIT status.
In connection with the waiver of the ownership limit or at any other time, our board of
directors may decrease the ownership limit for all other persons and entities; provided, however,
that the decreased ownership limit will not be effective for any person or entity whose percentage
ownership in our capital stock is in excess of such decreased ownership limit until such time as
such person or entitys percentage of our capital stock equals or falls below the decreased
ownership limit, but any further acquisition of our capital stock in excess of such percentage
ownership of our capital stock will be in violation of the ownership limit. Additionally, the new
ownership limit may not allow five or fewer individuals (as defined for purposes of the REIT
ownership restrictions under the Code) to beneficially own more than 49.0% of the value of our
outstanding capital stock.
Our charter provisions further prohibit:
|
|
|
any person from actually or constructively owning shares of our capital stock that
would result in us being closely held under Section 856(h) of the Code or otherwise
cause us to fail to qualify as a REIT; and |
|
|
|
|
any person from transferring shares of our capital stock if such transfer would result
in shares of our stock being beneficially owned by fewer than 100 persons (determined
without reference to any rules of attribution). |
Any person who acquires or attempts or intends to acquire beneficial or constructive ownership
of shares of our common stock that will or may violate any of the foregoing restrictions on
transferability and ownership will be required to give notice immediately to us and provide us with
such other information as we may request in order to determine the effect of such transfer on our
status as a REIT. The foregoing provisions on transferability and ownership will not apply if our
board of directors determines that it is no longer in our best interests to qualify, or to continue
to qualify, as a REIT.
Pursuant to our charter, if any purported transfer of our capital stock or any other event
would otherwise result in any person violating the ownership limits or the other restrictions in
our charter, then any such purported transfer will be void and of no force or effect with respect
to the purported transferee or owner (collectively referred to hereinafter as the purported
owner) as to that number of shares in excess of the ownership limit (rounded up to the nearest
whole share). The number of shares in excess of the ownership limit will be automatically
transferred to, and held by, a trust for the exclusive benefit of one or more charitable
organizations selected by us. The trustee of the trust will be designated by us and must be
unaffiliated with us and with any purported owner. The automatic transfer will be effective as of
the close of business on the business day prior to the date of the violative transfer or other
event that results in a transfer to the trust. Any dividend or other distribution paid to the
purported owner, prior to our discovery that the shares had been automatically transferred to a
trust as described above, must be repaid to the trustee upon demand for distribution to the
beneficiary of the trust and all dividends and other distributions paid by us with respect to such
excess shares prior to the sale by the trustee of such shares shall be paid to the trustee for
the beneficiary. If the transfer to the trust as described above is not automatically effective,
for any reason, to prevent violation of the applicable ownership limit, then our charter provides
that the transfer of the excess shares will be void. Subject to Maryland law, effective as of the
date that such excess shares have been transferred to the trust, the trustee shall have the
authority (at the trustees sole discretion and subject to applicable law) (i) to rescind as void
any vote cast by a purported owner prior to our discovery that such shares have been transferred to
the trust and (ii) to recast such vote in accordance with the desires of the trustee acting for the
benefit of the beneficiary of the trust, provided that if we have already taken irreversible
action, then the trustee shall not have the authority to rescind and recast such vote.
25
Shares of our capital stock transferred to the trustee are deemed offered for sale to us, or
our designee, at a price per share equal to the lesser of (i) the price paid by the purported owner
for the shares (or, if the event which resulted in the transfer to the trust did not involve a
purchase of such shares of our capital stock at market price, the market price on the day of the
event which resulted in the transfer of such shares of our capital stock to the trust) and (ii) the
market price on the date we, or our designee, accepts such offer. We have the right to accept such
offer until the trustee has sold the shares of our capital stock held in the trust pursuant to the
clauses discussed below. Upon a sale to us, the interest of the charitable beneficiary in the
shares sold terminates and the trustee must distribute the net proceeds of the sale to the
purported owner and any dividends or other distributions held by the trustee with respect to such
capital stock will be paid to the charitable beneficiary.
If we do not buy the shares, the trustee must, within 20 days of receiving notice from us of
the transfer of shares to the trust, sell the shares to a person or entity designated by the
trustee who could own the shares without violating the ownership limits. After that, the trustee
must distribute to the purported owner an amount equal to the lesser of (i) the net price paid by
the purported owner for the shares (or, if the event which resulted in the transfer to the trust
did not involve a purchase of such shares at market price, the market price on the day of the event
which resulted in the transfer of such shares of our capital stock to the trust) and (ii) the net
sales proceeds received by the trust for the shares. Any proceeds in excess of the amount
distributable to the purported owner will be distributed to the beneficiary.
Our charter also provides that Benefit Plan Investors (as defined in our charter) may not
hold, individually or in the aggregate, 25% or more of the value of any class or series of shares
of our capital stock to the extent such class or series does not constitute Publicly Offered
Securities (as defined in our charter).
All persons who own, directly or by virtue of the attribution provisions of the Code, more
than 5% (or such other percentage as provided in the regulations promulgated under the Code) of the
lesser of the number or value of the shares of our outstanding capital stock must give written
notice to us within 30 days after the end of each calendar year. In addition, each stockholder
will, upon demand, be required to disclose to us in writing such information with respect to the
direct, indirect and constructive ownership of shares of our stock as our board of directors deems
reasonably necessary to comply with the provisions of the Code applicable to a REIT, to comply with
the requirements or any taxing authority or governmental agency or to determine any such
compliance.
All certificates representing shares of our capital stock bear a legend referring to the
restrictions described above.
These ownership limits could delay, defer or prevent a transaction or a change of control of
our company that might involve a premium price over the then prevailing market price for the
holders of some, or a majority, of our outstanding shares of common stock or which such holders
might believe to be otherwise in their best interest.
Transfer Agent and Registrar
The transfer agent and registrar for our common stock and preferred stock is Computershare
Trust Company, N.A.
DESCRIPTION OF OUR COMMON STOCK
All shares of our common stock covered by this prospectus will be duly authorized, fully paid
and nonassessable. Subject to the preferential rights of any other class or series of stock and to
the provisions of the charter regarding the restrictions on transfer of stock, holders of shares of
our common stock are entitled to receive dividends on such stock when, as and if authorized by our
board of directors out of funds legally available therefor and declared by us and to share ratably
in the assets of our company legally available for distribution to our stockholders in the event of
our liquidation, dissolution or winding up after payment of or adequate provision for all known
debts and liabilities of our company, including the preferential rights on dissolution of any class
or classes of preferred stock.
26
Subject to the provisions of our charter regarding the restrictions on transfer of stock, each
outstanding share of our common stock entitles the holder to one vote on all matters submitted to a
vote of stockholders, including the election of directors and, except as provided with respect to
any other class or series of stock, the holders of such shares will possess the exclusive voting
power. There is no cumulative voting in the election of our board of directors, which means that
the holders of a plurality of the outstanding shares of our common stock can elect all of the
directors then standing for election and the holders of the remaining shares will not be able to
elect any directors.
Holders of shares of our common stock have no preference, conversion, exchange, sinking fund,
redemption or appraisal rights and have no preemptive rights to subscribe for any securities of our
company. Subject to the provisions of the charter regarding the restrictions on transfer of stock,
shares of our common stock will have equal dividend, liquidation and other rights.
Under the MGCL, a Maryland corporation generally cannot dissolve, amend its charter, merge,
consolidate, transfer all or substantially all of its assets, engage in a statutory share exchange
or engage in similar transactions outside the ordinary course of business unless declared advisable
by the board of directors and approved by the affirmative vote of stockholders holding at least
two-thirds of the shares entitled to vote on the matter unless a lesser percentage (but not less
than a majority of all of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter) is set forth in the
corporations charter. Our charter does not provide for a lesser percentage for these matters.
However, Maryland law permits a corporation to transfer all or substantially all of its assets
without the approval of the stockholders of the corporation to one or more persons if all of the
equity interests of the person or persons are owned, directly or indirectly, by the corporation.
Because operating assets may be held by a corporations subsidiaries, as in our situation, this may
mean that a subsidiary of a corporation can transfer all of its assets without a vote of the
corporations stockholders.
Our charter authorizes our board of directors to reclassify any unissued shares of our common
stock into other classes or series of classes of stock and to establish the number of shares in
each class or series and to set the preferences, conversion and other rights, voting powers,
restrictions, limitations as to dividends or other distributions, qualifications or terms or
conditions of redemption for each such class or series.
DESCRIPTION OF OUR PREFERRED STOCK
Our charter authorizes our board of directors to classify any unissued shares of preferred
stock and to reclassify any previously classified but unissued shares of any series. Prior to
issuance of shares of each series, our board of directors is required by the MGCL and our charter
to set the terms, preferences, conversion or other rights, voting powers, restrictions, limitations
as to dividends or other distributions, qualifications and terms or conditions of redemption for
each such series. Thus, our board of directors could authorize the issuance of shares of preferred
stock with terms and conditions that could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a
transaction or a change of control of our company that might involve a premium price for holders of
our common stock or otherwise be in their best interest. As of the date hereof, 2,300,000 shares of
Series A Preferred Stock and 7,447,865 shares of Series B-1 Preferred Stock are outstanding. Our
preferred stock will, when issued, be fully paid and nonassessable and will not have, or be subject
to, any preemptive or similar rights.
Series A Preferred Stock
Our board of directors has classified and designated 3,000,000 shares of Series A Preferred
Stock, of which 2,300,000 shares are currently outstanding. The Series A Preferred Stock generally
provides for the following rights, preferences and obligations.
Dividend Rights. The Series A Preferred Stock accrues a cumulative cash dividend at an anuual
rate of 8.55% on the $25.00 per share liquidation preference.
Liquidation Rights. Upon any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up
of our company, the holders of Series A Preferred Stock will be entitled to receive a liquidation
preference of $25.00 per
27
share, plus any accumulated, accrued and unpaid dividends (whether or not
earned or declared), before any payment or distribution will be made or set aside for holders of
any junior stock.
Redemption Provisions. The Series A Preferred Stock is not redeemable prior to September 22,
2009, except in certain limited circumstances relating to our ability to qualify as a REIT. On and
after September 22, 2009, we may redeem Series A Preferred Stock, in whole or from time to time in
part, at a cash redemption price equal to 100% of the liquidation preference plus all accrued and
unpaid dividends to the date fixed for redemption. The Series A Preferred Stock has no stated
maturity and is not subject to any sinking fund or mandatory redemption provisions.
Voting Rights. Holders of Series A Preferred Stock generally have no voting rights, except in
certain circumstances when our board of directors will be expanded by two seats and the holders of
Series A Preferred Stock will be entitled to elect these two directors. In addition, the issuance
of senior shares or certain changes to the terms of the Series A Preferred Stock that would be
materially adverse to the rights of holders of Series A Preferred Stock cannot be made without the
affirmative vote of holders of at least 66 2/3% of the outstanding Series A Preferred Stock and
shares of any class or series of shares ranking on a parity with the Series A Preferred Stock which
are entitled to similar voting rights, if any, voting as a single class.
Conversion and Preemptive Rights. The Series A Preferred Stock is not convertible or
exchangeable for any of our other securities or property, and holders of shares of our Series A
Preferred Stock have no preemptive rights to subscribe for any securities of our company.
Series B-1 Preferred Stock
Our board of directors has classified and designated 7,447,865 shares of Series B-1 Preferred
Stock, all of which are currently outstanding. The Series B-1 Preferred Stock generally provides
for the following rights, preferences and obligations.
Dividend Rights. Holders of Series B-1 Preferred Stock are entitled to receive cumulative
cash dividends equal to the greater of $0.14 per share or the prevailing common stock dividend.
Additionally, if we breach certain contractual obligations we have to the holders of the Series B-1
Preferred Stock or if we fail to pay dividends on the Series B-1 Preferred Stock for four quarterly
dividend periods, the holders of Series B-1 Preferred Stock will be entitled to an additional
dividend equal to $0.05015 per share.
Liquidation Rights. Upon any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up
of our company, the holders of Series B-1 Preferred Stock will be entitled to receive a liquidation
preference of $10.07 per share, plus an amount equal to all accumulated, accrued and unpaid
dividends (whether or not earned or declared) to the date of liquidation, dissolution or winding up
of the affairs of our company, before any payment or distribution will be made to or set apart for
the holders of any junior stock.
Redemption Provisions. We have certain limited redemption rights with respect to the Series
B-1 Preferred Stock from June 15, 2007 through June 15, 2008 (based on the trading price of our
common stock) and full redemption rights thereafter. Any such redemption will be made at a
redemption price equal to the liquidation preference of $10.07 per share, plus an amount equal to
all accumulated, accrued and unpaid dividends (whether or not earned or declared)
Each holder of Series B-1 Preferred Stock is entitled to require us to redeem the Series B-1
Preferred Stock for 100% of its liquidation value, plus accrued and unpaid distributions whether or
not declared, if a change of control occurs, we fail to continue to qualify as a REIT or we cease
to be listed for trading on the NYSE, the NASDAQ National Market system or the American Stock
Exchange. In this event, the redemption price will be equal to (i) 110% of the liquidation value of
the Series B-1 Preferred Stock, plus accrued and unpaid dividends, whether or not declared, if such
repurchase occurs prior to June 15, 2008 or (ii) 100% of the liquidation value, plus accrued and
unpaid dividends, whether or not declared, if such repurchase occurs on or after such date.
28
Voting Rights. Holders of Series B-1 Preferred Stock are entitled to vote on (i) all matters
submitted to the holders of our common stock together with the holders of our common stock as a
single class and (ii) certain matters affecting the Series B-1 Preferred Stock as a separate class.
In certain circumstances, our board of directors will be expanded by two seats and the holders of
Series B-1 Preferred Stock will be entitled to elect these two directors.
So long as any share of Series B-1 Preferred Stock is outstanding, in addition to any other
vote or consent of stockholders required by law or by our charter, the affirmative vote of the
holders of 66-2/3% of the outstanding shares of Series B-1 Preferred Stock, voting together as a
class, given in person or by proxy, either in writing without a meeting or by vote at any meeting
called for the purpose, shall be necessary for effecting or validating:
(a) |
|
any amendment, alteration or repeal of any of the provisions of the charter or
the articles supplementary creating the Series B-1 Preferred Stock that materially and
adversely affects the voting powers, rights, preferences or other terms of the holders
of the Series B-1 Preferred Stock; |
|
(b) |
|
any issuance of (a) any capital stock or other equity security to which the
Series B-1 Preferred Stock would be junior as to the payment of dividends or as to the
distribution of assets upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up or (b) any capital
stock or other equity security which has redemption rights which are more favorable in
any material respect to the holder of such security than the redemption rights granted
to the holders of the Series B-1 Preferred Stock; and |
|
(c) |
|
any merger or consolidation of our company and another entity in which the we
are not the surviving corporation and each holder of Series B-1 Preferred Stock does
not receive shares of the surviving corporation with substantially similar rights,
preferences, powers and other terms in the surviving corporation as the Series B-1
Preferred Stock have with respect to us. |
Conversion and Preemptive Rights. Each share of Series B-1 Preferred Stock is convertible, at
the option of the holder, at any time into the number of shares of our common stock obtained by
dividing $10.07 by the conversion price then in effect. The conversion price is currently $10.07
and is subject to certain adjustments as provided in our charter. Holders of shares of our Series
B-1 Preferred Stock have no preemptive rights to subscribe for any securities of our company.
MATERIAL PROVISIONS OF MARYLAND LAW AND OF OUR CHARTER AND BYLAWS
The following is a summary of certain provisions of Maryland law and of our charter and
bylaws. Copies of our charter and bylaws are filed as exhibits to the registration statement of
which this prospectus is a part. See Where You Can Find More Information.
The Board of Directors
Our bylaws provide that the number of directors of our company may be established by our board
of directors but may not be fewer than the minimum number permitted under the MGCL nor more than
15. Any vacancy will be filled, at any regular meeting or at any special meeting called for that
purpose, by a majority of the remaining directors.
Pursuant to our charter, each member of our board of directors will serve one year terms and
until their successors are elected and qualified. Holders of shares of our common stock will have
no right to cumulative voting in the election of directors. Consequently, at each annual meeting
of stockholders at which our board of directors is elected, the holders of a plurality of the
shares of our common stock will be able to elect all of the members of our board of directors.
Business Combinations
Maryland law prohibits business combinations between a corporation and an interested
stockholder or an affiliate of an interested stockholder for five years after the most recent date
on which the interested stockholder becomes an interested stockholder. These business combinations
include a merger, consolidation, statutory share
29
exchange, or, in circumstances specified in the
statute, certain transfers of assets, certain stock issuances and transfers, liquidation plans and
reclassifications involving interested stockholders and their affiliates as asset transfer or
issuance or reclassification of equity securities. Maryland law defines an interested stockholder
as:
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any person who beneficially owns 10% or more of the voting power of our voting stock; or |
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|
an affiliate or associate of the corporation who, at any time within the two-year period
prior to the date in question, was the beneficial owner of 10% or more of the voting power
of the then-outstanding voting stock of the corporation. |
A person is not an interested stockholder if the board of directors approves in advance the
transaction by which the person otherwise would have become an interested stockholder. However, in
approving the transaction, the board of directors may provide that its approval is subject to
compliance, at or after the time of approval, with any terms and conditions determined by the board
of directors.
After the five year prohibition, any business combination between a corporation and an
interested stockholder generally must be recommended by the board of directors and approved by the
affirmative vote of at least:
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|
80% of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of the then outstanding shares of common
stock; and |
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|
|
two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of the common stock other than
shares held by the interested stockholder with whom or with whose affiliate the business
combination is to be effected or shares held by an affiliate or associate of the interested
stockholder. |
These super-majority vote requirements do not apply if certain fair price requirements set
forth in the MGCL are satisfied.
The statute permits various exemptions from its provisions, including business combinations
that are approved by the board of directors before the time that the interested stockholder becomes
an interested stockholder.
Our charter includes a provision excluding the corporation from these provisions of the MGCL
and, consequently, the five-year prohibition and the super-majority vote requirements will not
apply to business combinations between us and any interested stockholder of ours unless we later
amend our charter, with stockholder approval, to modify or eliminate this provision. Any such
amendment may not be effective until 18 months after the stockholder vote and may not apply to any
business combination involving us and an interested stockholder (or affiliate) who became an
interested stockholder on or before the date of the vote. We believe that our ownership
restrictions will substantially reduce the risk that a stockholder would become an interested
stockholder within the meaning of the Maryland business combination statute.
Control Share Acquisitions
The MGCL provides that control shares of a Maryland corporation acquired in a control share
acquisition have no voting rights except to the extent approved at a special meeting by the
affirmative vote of two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter, excluding shares of
stock in a corporation in respect of which any of the following persons is entitled to exercise or
direct the exercise of the voting power of shares of stock of the corporation in the election of
directors: (i) a person who makes or proposes to make a control share acquisition, (ii) an officer
of the corporation or (iii) an employee of the corporation who is also a director of the
corporation. Control shares are voting shares of stock which, if aggregated with all other such
shares of stock previously acquired by the acquiror or in respect of which the acquiror is able to
exercise or direct the exercise of voting power (except solely by virtue of a revocable proxy),
would entitle the acquiror to exercise voting power in electing directors within one of the
following ranges of voting power: (i) one-tenth or more but less than one-third, (ii) one-third or
more but less than a majority, or (iii) a majority or more of all voting power. Control shares do
not include shares the acquiring person is then entitled to vote as a result of having previously
obtained stockholder approval. A control share acquisition means the acquisition of control
shares, subject to certain exceptions.
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A person who has made or proposes to make a control share acquisition, upon satisfaction of
certain conditions (including an undertaking to pay expenses), may compel our board of directors to
call a special meeting of stockholders to be held within 50 days of demand to consider the voting
rights of the shares. If no request for a meeting is made, the corporation may itself present the
question at any stockholders meeting.
If voting rights are not approved at the meeting or if the acquiring person does not deliver
an acquiring person statement as required by the statute, then, subject to certain conditions and
limitations, the corporation may redeem any or all of the control shares (except those for which
voting rights have previously been approved) for fair value determined, without regard to the
absence of voting rights for the control shares, as of the date of the last control share
acquisition by the acquiror or of any meeting of stockholders at which the voting rights of such
shares are considered and not approved. If voting rights for control shares are approved at a
stockholders meeting and the acquiror becomes entitled to vote a majority of the shares entitled to
vote, all other stockholders may exercise appraisal rights. The fair value of the shares as
determined for purposes of such appraisal rights may not be less than the highest price per share
paid by the acquiror in the control share acquisition.
The control share acquisition statute does not apply (i) to shares acquired in a merger,
consolidation or share exchange if the corporation is a party to the transaction or (ii) to
acquisitions approved or exempted by the charter or bylaws of the corporation.
Our charter contains a provision exempting from the control share acquisition statute any and
all acquisitions by any person of our common stock and, consequently, the applicability of the
control share acquisitions unless we later amend our charter, with stockholder approval, to modify
or eliminate this provision.
Amendment to Our Charter
Our charter may be amended only if declared advisable by the board of directors and approved
by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least two-thirds of all of the votes entitled to be
cast on the matter.
Dissolution of Our Company
The dissolution of our company must be declared advisable by the board of directors and
approved by the affirmative vote of the holders of not less than two-thirds of all of the votes
entitled to be cast on the matter.
Advance Notice of Director Nominations and New Business
Our bylaws provide that:
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with respect to an annual meeting of stockholders, the only business to be considered
and the only proposals to be acted upon will be those properly brought before the annual
meeting: |
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pursuant to our notice of the meeting; |
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by, or at the direction of, a majority of our board of directors; or |
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by a stockholder who is entitled to vote at the meeting and has complied with the
advance notice procedures set forth in our bylaws; |
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with respect to special meetings of stockholders, only the business specified in our
companys notice of meeting may be brought before the meeting of stockholders unless
otherwise provided by law; and |
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nominations of persons for election to our board of directors at any annual or special
meeting of stockholders may be made only: |
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by, or at the direction of, our board of directors; or |
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by a stockholder who is entitled to vote at the meeting and has complied with the
advance notice provisions set forth in our bylaws. |
Anti-Takeover Effect of Certain Provisions of Maryland Law and of Our Charter and Bylaws
The advance notice provisions of our bylaws could delay, defer or prevent a transaction or a
change of control of our company that might involve a premium price for holders of our common stock
or otherwise be in their best interest. Likewise, if our companys charter were to be amended to
avail the corporation of the business combination provisions of the MGCL or to remove or modify the
provision in the charter opting out of the control share acquisition provisions of the MGCL, these
provisions of the MGCL could have similar anti-takeover effects.
Indemnification and Limitation of Directors and Officers Liability
Our charter and the partnership agreement provide for indemnification of our officers and
directors against liabilities to the fullest extent permitted by the MGCL, as amended from time to
time.
The MGCL permits a corporation to indemnify a director or officer who has been successful, on
the merits or otherwise, in the defense of any proceeding to which he or she is made a party by
reason of his or her service in that capacity. The MGCL permits a corporation to indemnify its
present and former directors and officers, among others, against judgments, penalties, fines,
settlements and reasonable expenses actually incurred by them in connection with any proceeding to
which they may be made a party by reason of their service in those or other capacities unless it is
established that:
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an act or omission of the director or officer was material to the matter giving rise to the proceeding and: |
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was committed in bad faith; or |
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was the result of active and deliberate dishonesty; |
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the director or officer actually received an improper personal benefit in money, property or services; or |
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in the case of any criminal proceeding, the director or officer had reasonable cause to
believe that the act or omission was unlawful. |
However, under the MGCL, a Maryland corporation may not indemnify for an adverse judgment in a
suit by or in the right of the corporation (other than for expenses incurred in a successful
defense of such an action) or for a judgment of liability on the basis that personal benefit was
improperly received. In addition, the MGCL permits a corporation to advance reasonable expenses to
a director or officer upon the corporations receipt of:
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a written affirmation by the director or officer of his good faith belief that he has
met the standard of conduct necessary for indemnification by the corporation; and |
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a written undertaking by the director or on the directors behalf to repay the amount
paid or reimbursed by the corporation if it is ultimately determined that the director did
not meet the standard of conduct. |
The MGCL permits a Maryland corporation to include in its charter a provision limiting the
liability of its directors and officers to the corporation and its stockholders for money damages
except for liability resulting from actual receipt of an improper benefit or profit in money,
property or services or active and deliberate dishonesty established by a final judgment as being
material to the cause of action. Our charter contains such a provision which eliminates such
liability to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law.
Our bylaws obligate us, to the fullest extent permitted by Maryland law in effect from time to
time, to indemnify and, without requiring a preliminary determination of the ultimate entitlement
to indemnification, pay or reimburse reasonable expenses in advance of final disposition of a
proceeding to:
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any present or former director or officer who is made a party to the proceeding by
reason of his or her service in that capacity; or |
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any individual who, while a director or officer of our company and at our request,
serves or has served another corporation, real estate investment trust, partnership, joint
venture, trust, employee benefit plan or any other enterprise as a director, officer,
partner or trustee and who is made a party to the proceeding by reason of his or her
service in that capacity. |
Our bylaws also obligate us to indemnify and advance expenses to any person who served a
predecessor of ours in any of the capacities described in second and third bullet points above and
to any employee or agent of our company or a predecessor of our company.
The partnership agreement of our operating partnership provides that we, as general partner,
and our officers and directors are indemnified to the fullest extent permitted by law. See
Partnership Agreement Exculpation and Indemnification of the General Partner.
Insofar as the foregoing provisions permit indemnification of directors, officers or persons
controlling us for liability arising under the Securities Act, we have been informed that in the
opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission, this indemnification is against public policy as
expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable.
PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT
Management
Ashford Hospitality Limited Partnership, our operating partnership, has been organized as a
Delaware limited partnership. One of our wholly-owned subsidiaries is the sole general partner of
this partnership, and one of our subsidiaries holds limited partnership units in this partnership.
We currently own an 79.0% interest in our operating partnership. The remaining 21.0% is owned by
limited partners who received units in exchange for the contribution of certain of our assets. The
substantial majority of these limited partnership units are owned by certain of our executives,
employees and employees of our affiliates. In the future, we may issue additional interests in our
operating partnership to third parties.
Pursuant to the partnership agreement of the operating partnership, we, as the sole general
partner, generally have full, exclusive and complete responsibility and discretion in the
management, operation and control of the partnership, including the ability to cause the
partnership to enter into certain major transactions, including acquisitions, developments and
dispositions of properties, borrowings and refinancings of existing indebtedness. No limited
partner may take part in the operation, management or control of the business of the operating
partnership by virtue of being a holder of limited partnership units.
Our subsidiary may not be removed as general partner of the partnership. Upon the bankruptcy
or dissolution of the general partner, the general partner shall be deemed to be removed
automatically.
The limited partners of our operating partnership have agreed that in the event of a conflict
in the fiduciary duties owed (i) by us to our stockholders and (ii) by us, as general partner of
the operating partnership, to those limited partners, we may act in the best interests of our
stockholders without violating our fiduciary duties to the limited partners of the operating
partnership or being liable for any resulting breach of our duties to the limited partners.
Transferability of Interests
General Partner. The partnership agreement provides that we may not transfer our interest as
a general partner (including by sale, disposition, merger or consolidation) except:
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in connection with a merger of the operating partnership, a sale of substantially all of
the assets of the operating partnership or other transaction in which the limited partners
receive a certain amount of cash, securities or property; or |
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in connection with a merger of us or the general partner into another entity, if the
surviving entity contributes substantially all its assets to the operating partnership and
assumes the duties of the general partner under the operating partnership agreement. |
Limited Partner. The partnership agreement prohibits the sale, assignment, transfer, pledge
or disposition of all or any portion of the limited partnership units without our consent, which we
may give or withhold in our sole discretion. However, an individual partner may donate his units
to his immediate family or a trust wholly owned by his immediate family, without our consent. In
addition, the partnerships contributing our initial hotel properties to us in exchange for units in
our operating partnership may transfer those units to their partners, without our consent. The
partnership agreement contains other restrictions on transfer if, among other things that transfer:
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would cause us to fail to comply with the REIT rules under the Internal Revenue Code, or |
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would cause us to become a publicly-traded partnership under the Internal Revenue Code. |
Capital Contributions
The partnership agreement provides that if the partnership requires additional funds at any
time in excess of funds available to the partnership from borrowing or capital contributions, we
may borrow such funds from a financial institution or other lender and lend such funds to the
partnership. Under the partnership agreement, we are obligated to contribute the proceeds of any
offering of stock as additional capital to the partnership. The operating partnership is
authorized to cause the partnership to issue partnership interests for less than fair market value
if we conclude in good faith that such issuance is in both the partnerships and our best
interests.
The partnership agreement provides that we may make additional capital contributions,
including properties, to the partnership in exchange for additional partnership units. If we
contribute additional capital to the partnership and receive additional partnership interests for
such capital contribution, our percentage interests will be increased on a proportionate basis
based on the amount of such additional capital contributions and the value of the partnership at
the time of such contributions. Conversely, the percentage interests of the other limited partners
will be decreased on a proportionate basis. In addition, if we contribute additional capital to
the partnership and receive additional partnership interests for such capital contribution, the
capital accounts of the partners will be adjusted upward or downward to reflect any unrealized gain
or loss attributable to our properties as if there were an actual sale of such properties at the
fair market value thereof. Limited partners have no preemptive right to make additional capital
contributions.
The operating partnership could issue preferred partnership interests in connection with
acquisitions of property or otherwise. Any such preferred partnership interests would have
priority over common partnership interests with respect to distributions from the partnership,
including the partnership interests that our wholly-owned subsidiaries own.
Redemption Rights
Under the partnership agreement, we have granted to each limited partner (other than our
subsidiary) the right to redeem their limited partnership units. This right may be exercised at
the election of that limited partner by giving us written notice, subject to some limitations. The
purchase price for the limited partnership units to be redeemed will equal the fair market value of
our common stock. The purchase price for the limited partnership units may be paid in cash, or, in
our discretion, by the issuance by us of a number of shares of our common stock equal to the number
of limited partnership units with respect to which the rights are being exercised. However, no
limited partner will be entitled to exercise its redemption rights to the extent that the issuance
of common stock to the redeeming partner would be prohibited under our charter or, if after giving
effect to such exercise, would cause any
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person to own, actually or constructively, more than 9.8% of our common stock, unless such
ownership limit is waived by us in our sole discretion.
In all cases, however, no limited partner may exercise the redemption right for fewer than
1,000 partnership units or, if a limited partner holds fewer than 1,000 partnership units, all of
the partnership units held by such limited partner.
Currently, the aggregate number of shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the
redemption rights is 5,764,592, and this prospectus relates to 5,657,917 such shares. The number
of shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the redemption rights will be adjusted to
account for share splits, mergers, consolidations or similar pro rata share transactions.
Operations
The partnership agreement requires the partnership to be operated in a manner that enables us
to satisfy the requirements for being classified as a REIT, to minimize any excise tax liability
imposed by the Internal Revenue Code and to ensure that the partnership will not be classified as a
publicly traded partnership taxable as a corporation under Section 7704 of the Code.
In addition to the administrative and operating costs and expenses incurred by the
partnership, the partnership will pay all of our administrative costs and expenses. These expenses
will be treated as expenses of the partnership and will generally include:
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all expenses relating to our continuity of existence; |
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all expenses relating to offerings and registration of securities; |
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all expenses associated with the preparation and filing of any of our periodic reports
under federal, state or local laws or regulations; |
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all expenses associated with our compliance with laws, rules and regulations promulgated
by any regulatory body; and |
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all of our other operating or administrative costs incurred in the ordinary course of
its business on behalf of the partnership. |
Distributions
The partnership agreement provides that the partnership will make cash distributions in
amounts and at such times as determined by us in our sole discretion, to us and other limited
partners in accordance with the respective percentage interests of the partners in the partnership.
Upon liquidation of the partnership, after payment of, or adequate provisions for, debts and
obligations of the partnership, including any partner loans, any remaining assets of the
partnership will be distributed to us and the other limited partners with positive capital accounts
in accordance with the respective positive capital account balances of the partners.
Allocations
Profits and losses of the partnership (including depreciation and amortization deductions) for
each fiscal year generally are allocated to us and the other limited partners in accordance with
the respective percentage interests of the partners in the partnership. All of the foregoing
allocations are subject to compliance with the provisions of Internal Revenue Code sections 704(b)
and 704(c) and Treasury Regulations promulgated thereunder. The partnership will use the
traditional method under Internal Revenue Code section 704(c) for allocating items
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with respect to which the fair market value at the time of contribution differs from the
adjusted tax basis at the time of contribution for a hotel.
Amendments
Generally, we, as the general partner of the operating partnership, may amend the partnership
agreement without the consent of any limited partner to clarify the partnership agreement, to make
changes of an inconsequential nature, to reflect the admission, substitution or withdrawal of
limited partners, to reflect the issuance of additional partnership interests or if, in the opinion
of counsel, necessary or appropriate to satisfy the Code with respect to partnerships or REITs or
federal or state securities laws. However, any amendment which alters or changes the distribution
or redemption rights of a limited partner (other than a change to reflect the seniority of any
distribution or liquidation rights of any preferred units issued in accordance with the partnership
agreement), changes the method for allocating profits and losses, imposes any obligation on the
limited partners to make additional capital contributions or adversely affects the limited
liability of the limited partners requires the consent of holders of 66 2/3% of the limited
partnership units, excluding our indirect ownership of limited partnership units. Other amendments
require approval of the general partner and holders of 50% of the limited partnership units.
In addition, the operating partnership may be amended, without the consent of any limited
partner, in the event that we or any of our subsidiaries engages in a merger or consolidation with
another entity and immediately after such transaction the surviving entity contributes to the
operating partnership substantially all of the assets of such surviving entity and the surviving
entity agrees to assume our subsidiarys obligation as general partner of the partnership. In such
case, the surviving entity will amend the operating partnership agreement to arrive at a new method
for calculating the amount a limited partner is to receive upon redemption or conversion of a
partnership unit (such method to approximate the existing method as much as possible).
Exculpation and Indemnification of the General Partner
The partnership agreement of our operating partnership provides that neither the general
partner, nor any of its directors and officers will be liable to the partnership or to any of its
partners as a result of errors in judgment or mistakes of fact or law or of any act or omission, if
the general partner acted in good faith.
In addition, the partnership agreement requires our operating partnership to indemnify and
hold the general partner and its directors, officers and any other person it designates, harmless
from and against any and all claims arising from operations of the operating partnership in which
any such indemnitee may be involved, or is threatened to be involved, as a party or otherwise,
unless it is established that:
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the act or omission of the indemnitee was material to the matter giving rise to the
proceeding and was committed in bad faith or was the result of active and deliberate
dishonesty, |
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the indemnitee actually received an improper personal benefit in money, property or
services, or |
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in the case of any criminal proceeding, the indemnitee had reasonable cause to believe
that the act or omission was unlawful. |
No indemnitee may subject any partner of our operating partnership to personal liability with
respect to this indemnification obligation as this indemnification obligation will be satisfied
solely out of the assets of the partnership.
Term
The partnership has a perpetual life, unless dissolved upon:
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the general partners bankruptcy or dissolution or withdrawal (unless the limited
partners elect to continue the partnership); |
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the passage of 90 days after the sale or other disposition of all or substantially all
the assets of the partnership; |
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the redemption of all partnership units (other than those held by us, if any); or |
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an election by us in our capacity as the sole owner of the general partner. |
Tax Matters
The general partner is the tax matters partner of the operating partnership. We have the
authority to make tax elections under the Internal Revenue Code on behalf of the partnership. The
net income or net loss of the operating partnership will generally be allocated to us and the
limited partners in accordance with our respective percentage interests in the partnership, subject
to compliance with the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code.
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COMPARISON OF OWNERSHIP OF UNITS AND COMMON STOCK
Although the nature of an investment in our common stock is similar to an investment in units,
there are also differences between ownership of units of limited partnership interest and ownership
of our common stock. The information below highlights a number of the significant differences
between the partnership and the company relating to, among other things, form of organization,
policies and restrictions, management structure, compensation and fees, voting rights, liability of
investors, liquidity and federal income tax considerations. These comparisons are intended to
assist holders of units in understanding how their investment will be changed if they exchange
their units for shares of our common stock.
THE FOLLOWING DISCUSSION IS A SUMMARY AND DOES NOT CONSTITUTE A COMPLETE DISCUSSION OF THESE
MATTERS, AND HOLDERS OF UNITS SHOULD CAREFULLY REVIEW THE BALANCE OF THIS PROSPECTUS, THE
REGISTRATION STATEMENT OF WHICH THIS PROSPECTUS IS A PART, THE PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT AND OUR
CHARTER FOR ADDITIONAL IMPORTANT INFORMATION ABOUT US.
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PARTNERSHIP |
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COMPANY |
Form of Organization and Purposes |
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The partnership is organized as a
Delaware limited partnership. The
partnerships purpose is to conduct
any business that may be lawfully
conducted by a limited partnership
organized pursuant to the Delaware
Revised Uniform Limited Partnership
Act, provided that such business is
to be limited to and conducted in
such a manner as to permits us at
all times to be qualified as a REIT
under the Code unless our board of
directors determines to cease to
qualify as a REIT. The general
partner may cause the partnership to
take, or to refrain from taking, any
action that, in the good faith
belief of the general partner, is
necessary or advisable in order (i)
to protect the ability of the
company to continue to qualify as a
REIT, or (ii) to prevent the company
from incurring any taxes under
Section 857 or Section 4981 of the
Code.
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We are a Maryland corporation. We
have elected to be taxed as a REIT
under the Code and intend to
maintain our qualification as a
REIT. Under our charter, we may
engage in any lawful act or activity
for which corporation may be
organized under the MGCL. |
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Length of Investment |
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The partnership has a perpetual term
and intends to continue operations
for an indefinite time period.
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We have a perpetual term and intend
to continue our operations for an
indefinite time period. |
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Additional Equity |
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The partnership is authorized to
issue units in exchange for
additional capital contributions as
determined by the general partner,
in its sole discretion. In exchange
for such capital contributions, the
partnership may issue partnership
interests to the general partner,
may issue additional units to
existing limited partners, and may
admit third parties as additional
limited partners.
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The board of directors may issue, in
its discretion, additional equity
securities consisting of common
stock or preferred stock; provided,
that the total number of shares
issued does not exceed the
authorized number of shares of stock
set forth in our charter. |
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Borrowing Policies |
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The partnership has no restrictions
on borrowings, and the general
partner has full power and authority
to borrow money on behalf of the
partnership; provided that the term
of any loan from the general partner
or any affiliate of the general
partner must be substantially
equivalent to the terms that could
be obtained from a third party on an
arms-length basis.
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Neither our charter nor our bylaws
impose any restrictions on our
ability to incur borrowings.
However, our revolving credit and
secured term loan facilities contain
certain financial covenants and
operating covenants, including,
among other things, limitations on
our ability to incur secured and
unsecured debt. |
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Other Investment Restrictions |
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Other than restrictions precluding
investments by the partnership that
would adversely affect our
qualification as a REIT and
restrictions on transactions with
affiliates, the partnership
agreement does not generally
restrict the partnerships authority
to enter into certain transactions,
including, among others, making
investments, lending partnership
funds, or reinvesting the
partnerships cash flow and net sale
or refinancing proceeds.
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Neither our charter nor our bylaws
impose any restrictions upon the
types of investments made by us. |
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Management Control |
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All management powers over the
business and affairs of the
partnership are vested in the
general partner, and generally no
limited partner of the partnership
has any right to participate in or
exercise control or management power
over the business and affairs of the
partnership, except as otherwise set
forth in the partnership agreement.
The general partner may not be
removed by the limited partners of
the partnership with or without
cause.
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The board of directors has exclusive
control over our business and
affairs subject only to the
restrictions in our charter and
bylaws. At each annual meeting of
the stockholders, the stockholders
elect directors. The policies
adopted by the board of directors
may be altered or eliminated without
a vote of the stockholders.
Accordingly, except for their vote
in the elections of directors,
stockholders have no control over
our ordinary business policies. |
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Fiduciary Duties of General Partners and Directors |
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Under Delaware law, the general
partner of the partnership is
accountable to the partnership as a
fiduciary and, consequently, is
required to exercise good faith and
integrity in all of its dealings
with respect to partnership affairs.
However, under the partnership
agreement, the general partner is
not liable for monetary damages for
losses sustained, liabilities
incurred or benefits not derived by
partners as a result of errors in
judgment or of any act or omission,
provided that the general partner
has acted in good faith.
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Under the MGCL, the directors must
perform their duties in good faith,
in a manner that they reasonably
believe to be in the best interests
of the company and with the care of
an ordinarily prudent person in a
like position. Any director who
acts in such a manner generally will
not be liable to the company for
monetary damages arising from his or
her activities as a director of the
company. |
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Management Liability and Indemnification |
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As a matter of Delaware law, the
general partner has liability for
the payment of the obligations and
debts of the partnership unless
limitations upon such liability are
stated in the document or instrument
evidencing the obligations. Under
the partnership agreement, the
partnership has agreed to indemnify
the general partner and any
director, officer, employee or agent
of the partnership or the general
partner from and against all losses,
claims, damages, liabilities (joint
or several), expenses (including
legal fees and expenses), judgments,
fines, settlements and other amounts
arising from any and all claims,
demands, actions, suits or
proceedings, civil, criminal,
administrative or investigative,
that relate to the operations of the
partnership, unless: (i) the act or
omission was material to the matter
giving rise to the proceeding and
with was committed in bad faith or
was the result of active and
deliberate dishonesty; (ii) the
party actually received an improper
personal benefit in money, property
or services; or (iii) in the case of
any criminal proceeding, the party
had reasonable cause to believe that
the act or omission was unlawful.
The reasonable expenses incurred by
an indemnitee may be reimbursed by
the partnership in advance of the
final disposition of the proceeding
upon receipt by the partnership of
(i) a written affirmation by the
indemnitee of his, her or its good
faith belief that the standard of
conduct necessary for
indemnification has been met and
(ii) a written undertaking by or on
behalf of the indemnitee to repay
the amount if it is determined that
the standard of conduct was not met.
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Our charter contains a provision
which eliminates the liability of
our directors and officers to the
company and its stockholders to the
maximum extent permitted by Maryland
law. Our bylaws require us, to the
maximum extent permitted by Maryland
law, to indemnify and, without a
preliminary determination of the
ultimate entitlement to
indemnification, pay or reimburse
reasonable expenses in advance of
final disposition of a proceeding to
(i) any individual who is a present
or former director or officer of the
company, (ii) any individual who,
while a director or officer of the
company and at the request of the
company, serves or has served
another corporation, real estate
investment trust, partnership, joint
venture, trust, employee benefit
plan or any other enterprise as a
director, officer, partner or
trustee. |
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Anti-takeover Provisions |
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Except in limited circumstances (see
Voting Rights below), the general
partner of the partnership has
exclusive management power over the
business and affairs of the
partnership. The general partner
may not be removed by the limited
partners with or without cause.
Except with respect to certain
limited partners and after certain
specified dates, a limited partner
may generally transfer its limited
partnership interest only with the
approval of the general partner, and
the general partner may, in its sole
discretion, prevent the admission to
the partnership of substituted
limited partners.
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Our charter and bylaws contain a
number of provisions that may have
the effect of delaying or
discouraging an unsolicited proposal
for the acquisition of the company
or the removal of incumbent
management. These provisions
include, among others: (i)
authorized stock that may be issued
as preferred stock in the discretion
of the board of directors, with
superior voting or other rights to
the common stock; and (ii)
provisions designed to avoid
concentration of share ownership in
a manner that would jeopardize our
status as a REIT under the Code.
The MGCL also contains certain
provisions which could have the
effect of delaying, deferring or
preventing a change in control of
the company or other transaction.
See Material Provisions of Maryland
Law and of Our Charter and Bylaws. |
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Voting Rights |
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Under the partnership agreement, the
limited partners have voting rights
in limited circumstances, including
as to the election of a new general
partner upon the dissolution or
withdrawal of the existing general
partner and as to certain amendments
to the partnership agreement, as
described more fully below.
Otherwise, all decisions relating to
the operation and management of the
partnership are made by the general
partner.
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Our business and affairs are managed
under the direction of our board of
directors. Each director is to be
elected by the stockholders at
annual meetings. The MGCL requires
that certain major corporate
transactions, including most
amendments to our charter, may not
be consummated without the approval
of stockholders as set forth below.
All shares of our common stock and
all shares of our Series B-1
preferred stock have one vote per
share, and our charter permits the
board of directors to classify and
issue preferred stock in one or more
series having voting power which may
differ from that of the common
stock. |
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The following is a comparison of the voting rights of the holders
of units and our stockholders as they relate to certain major
transactions:
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Amendment of the Partnership Agreement or our Charter |
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The partnership agreement may be
amended by the general partner
without the approval of any limited
partner if such amendment (i) is for
the purpose of clarification or is
of an inconsequential nature; (ii)
is to reflect the admission,
substitution or withdrawal of
limited partners or to reflect the
issuance of additional partnership
interests or to amend the
calculation of the Cash Amount and
the Conversion Factor (as such terms
are defined in the partnership
agreement) following a merger or
consolidation of the partnership
with another entity. Amendments
that adversely affect the limited
liability of the limited partners,
impose on the limited partners any
obligation to make additional
capital contributions, change the
method of allocation of profit and
loss or the distribution provisions,
seek to impose personal liability on
the limited partners or affect the
operation of the conversion factor
of the redemption right must be
approved by limited partners holding
more than 66 2/3% of the outstanding
units. Any other amendment to the
partnership agreement must be
approved by the general partner and
by limited partners holding a
majority in interest of the units.
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Under the MGCL and our charter,
amendments to our charter generally
must be advised by the board of
directors and approved by the
holders of at least a majority of
the votes entitled to be cast on the
matter. |
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Vote Required to Dissolve the Partnership or the Company |
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The partnership will be dissolved
upon (i) an event of bankruptcy as
to the general partner or the
dissolution or withdrawal of the
general partner (unless within 90
days thereafter limited partners
holding more than 50% of the units
elect to continue the partnership
and elect a new general partner),
(ii) 90 days following the sale of
all or substantially all of the
partnerships assets, (iii) the
redemption of all units (other than
any units held by the general
partner or the company), or (iv) the
election by the general partner (but
only in accordance with and as
permitted by applicable law).
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Under the MGCL and our charter,
dissolution of the Company must be
advised by the board of directors
and approved by the holders of at
least a majority of the votes
entitled to be cast on the matter. |
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Vote Required to Sell Assets or Merge |
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Under the partnership agreement, the
general partner has the full power
and authority to effectuate the
sale, transfer, exchange or other
disposition of any of the
partnerships assets or the merger,
consolidation, reorganization or
other combination of the partnership
with or into another entity.
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Under the MGCL and our charter, the
sale of all or substantially all of
our assets, or our merger or
consolidation, requires the approval
of the board of directors and the
holders of at least a majority of
the votes entitled to be cast on the
matter. No approval is required for
the sale of less than all or
substantially all of our assets. |
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Compensation and Fees |
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The general partner does not receive
any compensation for its services as
general partner of the partnership.
The partnership will reimburse the
general partner for all expenses
incurred relating to the ongoing
operation of the partnership.
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Our officers and outside directors
receive compensation for their
services. |
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Liability of Investors |
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Under the partnership agreement and
applicable Delaware law, the
liability of the limited partners
for the partnerships debts and
obligations is generally limited to
the amount of their investment in
the partnership.
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Under Maryland law, stockholders
generally are not personally liable
for the debts or obligations of the
Company. |
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Potential Dilution of Rights |
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The general partner of the
partnership is authorized, in its
sole discretion and without limited
partner approval, to cause the
partnership to issue additional
limited partnership interests for
any partnership purpose at any time
to the limited partners or to other
persons (including the general
partner).
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The board of directors may issue, in
its discretion, additional shares of
common stock or preferred stock, or
securities convertible into shares
of its common or preferred stock.
The issuance of additional shares of
either common stock or preferred
stock or other convertible
securities may result in the
dilution of the interests of the
stockholders. |
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Liquidity |
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Except with respect to certain
limited partners and after certain
specified dates, a limited partner
may generally transfer its limited
partnership interest only with the
approval of the general partner, and
the general partner may, in its sole
discretion, prevent the admission to
the partnership of substituted
limited partners.
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The shares of common stock issued
upon redemption of the units will be
freely transferable as registered
securities under the Securities Act
of 1933. Our common stock is listed
on the New York Stock Exchange under
the symbol AHT. The breadth and
strength of this secondary market
will depend, among other things,
upon the number of shares of common
stock outstanding, our financial
condition, performance and
prospects, the market for similar
securities issued by REITs, and our
dividend yield compared to that of
other debt and equity securities. |
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Federal Income Taxation |
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The partnership itself is not
subject to federal income taxes.
Instead, each holder of units
includes its allocable share of the
partnerships taxable income or loss
in determining its individual
federal income tax liability. The
maximum federal income tax rate for
individuals under current law is
35%.
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We have elected to be taxed as a
REIT for federal income tax
purposes. A REIT generally is not
subject to federal income tax on the
income that it distributes to
stockholders if it meets the
applicable REIT distribution
requirements and other requirements
for qualification as a REIT. Even a
REIT, however, is subject to federal
income tax on income that is not
distributed and also may be subject
to federal income and excise taxes
in certain circumstances. The
maximum federal income tax rate for
corporations under current law is
35%. Stockholders generally will be
subject to taxation on dividends
(other than designated capital
gains dividends and qualified
dividend income) at rates
applicable to ordinary income,
instead of at lower capital gain
rates that generally apply to
dividends received from a regular C
corporation. |
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Depending on certain facts, a unit
holders allocable share of income
and loss from the partnership may be
subject to the passive activity
limitations. Under the passive
activity rules, a unit holders
allocable share of income and loss
from the partnership that is
considered passive income
generally can be offset against a
holders income and loss from other
investments that constitute passive
activities. Cash distributions from
the partnership are generally not
taxable to a holder of units except
to the extent they exceed such
holders basis in its interest in
the partnership (which will include
such holders allocable share of the
partnerships nonrecourse debt).
See Basis of Units.
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Dividends paid by us will be treated
as portfolio income and generally
cannot be offset with losses from
passive activities. Distributions
made by us to our taxable domestic
stockholders out of current or
accumulated earnings and profits
(and not designated as capital gain
dividends) will be taken into
account by them as ordinary income.
Distributions that are properly
designated by us as capital gain
dividends or qualified dividend
income may be taxed at long-term
capital gain rates, subject to
certain exceptions. Distributions
(not designated as capital gain
dividends) in excess of current and
accumulated earnings and profits
will first be treated as a
non-taxable return of capital to the
extent of a stockholders adjusted
basis in its stock, with the excess
taxed as capital gain (if the stock
has been held as a capital asset).
See Federal Income Tax Consequences
of our Status as a REIT Taxation
of Taxable U.S. Stockholders. |
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Holders of units are required, in
some cases, to file state income tax
returns and/or pay state income
taxes in the states in which the
partnership owns property, even if
they are not residents of those
states.
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Stockholders who are individuals
generally will not be required to
file state income tax returns and/or
pay state income taxes outside of
their state of residence with
respect to our operations and
distributions. We may be required
to pay state income taxes in certain
states. |
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FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSEQUENCES OF OUR STATUS AS A REIT
The following discussion is a summary of the material federal income tax considerations that
may be relevant to a prospective holder of common stock, and, unless otherwise noted in the
following discussion, expresses the opinion of Andrews Kurth LLP insofar as it relates to matters
of United States federal income tax law and legal conclusions with respect to those matters. The
discussion does not address all aspects of taxation that may be relevant to particular stockholders
in light of their personal investment or tax circumstances, or to certain types of stockholders
that are subject to special treatment under the federal income tax laws, such as insurance
companies, financial institutions or broker-dealers, tax-exempt organizations (except to the
limited extent discussed in Taxation of Tax-Exempt Stockholders), foreign corporations and
persons who are not citizens or residents of the United States (except to the limited extent
discussed in Taxation of Non-U.S. Stockholders).
The statements of law in this discussion and the opinion of Andrews Kurth LLP are based on
current provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, existing
temporary and final Treasury regulations thereunder, and current administrative rulings and court
decisions. No assurance can be given that future legislative, judicial, or administrative actions
or decisions, which may be retroactive in effect, will not affect the accuracy of any statements in
this prospectus with respect to the transactions entered into or contemplated prior to the
effective date of such changes.
We urge you to consult your own tax advisor regarding the specific tax consequences to you of
ownership of our common stock and of our election to be taxed as a REIT. Specifically, you should
consult your own tax advisor regarding the federal, state, local, foreign, and other tax
consequences of such ownership and election and regarding potential changes in applicable tax laws.
Taxation of Our Company
We are currently taxed as a REIT under the federal income tax laws. We believe that we are
organized and operate in such a manner as to qualify for taxation as a REIT under the Code, and we
intend to continue to operate in such a manner, but no assurance can be given that we will operate
in a manner so as to continue to qualify as a REIT. This section discusses the laws governing the
federal income tax treatment of a REIT and its stockholders. These laws are highly technical and
complex.
Andrews Kurth LLP has acted as our counsel in connection with the offering. In the opinion of
Andrews Kurth LLP for the taxable years ending December 31, 2003, December 31, 2004 and December
31, 2005, we qualified to be taxed as a REIT pursuant to sections 856 through 860 of the Code, and
our organization and present and proposed method of operation enables us to meet the requirements
for qualification and taxation as a REIT under the Code. Investors should be aware that Andrews
Kurth LLPs opinion is based upon customary assumptions, is conditioned upon certain
representations made by us as to factual matters, including representations regarding the nature of
our properties and the future conduct of our business, and is not binding upon the Internal Revenue
Service (IRS) or any court. In addition, Andrews Kurth LLPs opinion is based on existing federal
income tax law governing qualification as a REIT, which is subject to change either prospectively
or retroactively. Moreover, our continued qualification and taxation as a REIT depend upon our
ability to meet on a continuing basis, through actual annual operating results, certain
qualification tests set forth in the federal tax laws. Those qualification tests involve the
percentage of income that we earn from specified sources, the percentage of our assets that falls
within specified categories, the diversity of our share ownership, and the percentage of our
earnings that we distribute. While Andrews Kurth LLP has reviewed those matters in connection with
the foregoing opinion, Andrews Kurth LLP will not review our compliance with those tests on a
continuing basis. Accordingly, no assurance can be given that the actual results of our operation
for any particular taxable year will satisfy such requirements. For a discussion of the tax
consequences of our failure to qualify as a REIT, see Failure to Qualify.
If we qualify as a REIT, we generally will not be subject to federal income tax on the taxable
income that we distribute to our stockholders. The benefit of that tax treatment is that it avoids
the double taxation, or taxation at both the corporate and stockholder levels, that generally
results from owning stock in a corporation. However, we will be subject to federal tax in the
following circumstances:
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We will pay federal income tax on taxable income, including net capital gain, that
we do not distribute to our stockholders during, or within a specified time period after,
the calendar year in which the income is earned. |
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Under certain circumstances, we may be subject to the alternative minimum tax on
items of tax preference. |
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We will pay income tax at the highest corporate rate on (1) net income from the sale or
other disposition of property acquired through foreclosure (foreclosure property) that
we hold primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business and (2) other
non-qualifying income from foreclosure property. |
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We will pay a 100% tax on net income from sales or other dispositions of property,
other than foreclosure property, that we hold primarily for sale to customers in the
ordinary course of business. |
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If we fail to satisfy the 75% gross income test or the 95% gross income test, as
described below under Income Tests, and nonetheless continue to qualify as a REIT
because we meet other requirements, we will pay a 100% tax on (1) the gross income
attributable to the greater of the amounts by which we fail the 75% and 95% gross income
tests, multiplied by (2) a fraction intended to reflect our profitability. |
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If we fail to distribute during a calendar year at least the sum of (1) 85% of our REIT
ordinary income for such year, (2) 95% of our REIT capital gain net income for such year,
and (3) any undistributed taxable income from prior periods, we will pay a 4% excise tax
on the excess of this required distribution over the sum of the amount we actually
distributed, plus any retained amounts on which income tax has been paid at the corporate
level. |
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We may elect to retain and pay income tax on our net long-term capital gain. In that
case, a U.S. stockholder would be taxed on its proportionate share of our undistributed
long-term capital gain (to the extent that a timely designation of such gain is made by us
to the stockholder) and would receive a credit or refund for its proportionate share of
the tax we paid. |
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If we acquire any asset from a C corporation, or a corporation that generally is
subject to full corporate-level tax, in a merger or other transaction in which we acquire
a basis in the asset that is determined by reference to the C corporations basis in the
asset, we will pay tax at the highest regular corporate rate applicable if we recognize
gain on the sale or disposition of such asset during the 10-year period after we acquire
such asset. The amount of gain on which we will pay tax generally is the lesser of: (1)
the amount of gain that we recognize at the time of the sale or disposition; or (2) the
amount of gain that we would have recognized if we had sold the asset at the time we
acquired the asset. |
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We will incur a 100% excise tax on transactions with a taxable REIT subsidiary that
are not conducted on an arms-length basis. |
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If we fail to satisfy certain asset tests, described below under - Asset Tests and
nonetheless continue to qualify as a REIT because we meet certain other requirements, we
will be subject to a tax of the greater of $50,000 or at the highest corporate rate on the
income generated by the non-qualifying assets. |
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We may be subject to a $50,000 tax for each failure if we fail to satisfy certain REIT
qualification requirements, other than income tests or asset tests, and the failure is due
to reasonable cause and not willful neglect. |
In addition, notwithstanding our qualification as a REIT, we may also have to pay certain
state and local income taxes, because not all states and localities treat REITs in the same manner
that they are treated for federal income tax purposes. Moreover, as further described below, any
TRS in which we own an interest will be subject to federal and state corporate income tax on its
taxable income.
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Requirements for Qualification
A REIT is a corporation, trust, or association that meets the following requirements:
1. it is managed by one or more trustees or directors;
2. its beneficial ownership is evidenced by transferable shares or by transferable
certificates of beneficial interest;
3. it would be taxable as a domestic corporation but for the REIT provisions of the
federal income tax laws;
4. it is neither a financial institution nor an insurance company subject to special
provisions of the federal income tax laws;
5. at least 100 persons are beneficial owners of its shares or ownership certificates;
6. no more than 50% in value of its outstanding shares or ownership certificates is owned,
directly or indirectly, by five or fewer individuals, as defined in the federal income tax laws
to include certain entities, during the last half of each taxable year;
7. it elects to be a REIT, or has made such election for a previous taxable year, and
satisfies all relevant filing and other administrative requirements established by the IRS that
must be met to elect and maintain REIT status;
8. it uses a calendar year for federal income tax purposes and complies with the
recordkeeping requirements of the federal income tax laws; and
9. it meets certain other qualification tests, described below, regarding the nature of
its income and assets and the amount of its distributions.
We must meet requirements 1 through 4 during our entire taxable year and must meet requirement
5 during at least 335 days of a taxable year of 12 months, or during a proportionate part of a
taxable year of less than 12 months. If we comply with all the requirements for ascertaining the
ownership of our outstanding shares in a taxable year and have no reason to know that we violated
requirement 6, we will be deemed to have satisfied requirement 6 for such taxable year. For
purposes of determining share ownership under requirement 6, an individual generally includes a
supplemental unemployment compensation benefits plan, a private foundation, or a portion of a trust
permanently set aside or used exclusively for charitable purposes. An individual, however,
generally does not include a trust that is a qualified employee pension or profit sharing trust
under the federal income tax laws, and beneficiaries of such a trust will be treated as holding
shares of our common stock in proportion to their actuarial interests in the trust for purposes of
requirement 6.
We have issued sufficient common stock with enough diversity of ownership to satisfy
requirements 5 and 6 set forth above. In addition, our charter restricts the ownership and transfer
of the common stock so that we should continue to satisfy requirements 5 and 6. The provisions of
our charter restricting the ownership and transfer of the common stock are described in
Description of Our Capital Stock Restrictions on Ownership and Transfer.
If we comply with regulatory rules pursuant to which we are required to send annual letters to
holders of our stock requesting information regarding the actual ownership of our stock, and we do
not know, or exercising reasonable diligence would not have known, whether we failed to meet
requirement 6 above, we will be treated as having met the requirement.
In addition, we must satisfy all relevant filing and other administrative requirements
established by the IRS that must be met to elect and maintain REIT qualification.
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A corporation that is a qualified REIT subsidiary is not treated as a corporation separate
from its parent REIT. All assets, liabilities, and items of income, deduction, and credit of a
qualified REIT subsidiary are treated as assets, liabilities, and items of income, deduction, and
credit of the REIT. A qualified REIT subsidiary is a corporation, other than a taxable REIT
subsidiary (TRS), all of the capital stock of which is owned by the REIT. Thus, in applying the
requirements described in this section, any qualified REIT subsidiary that we own will be
ignored, and all assets, liabilities, and items of income, deduction, and credit of that subsidiary
will be treated as our assets, liabilities, and items of income, deduction, and credit. Similarly,
any wholly owned limited liability company or wholly owned partnership that we own will be
disregarded, and all assets, liabilities and items of income, deduction and credit of such limited
liability company will be treated as ours.
In the case of a REIT that is a partner in a partnership that has other partners, the REIT is
treated as owning its proportionate share of the assets of the partnership and as earning its
allocable share of the gross income of the partnership for purposes of the applicable REIT
qualification tests. For purposes of the 10% value test (as described below under Asset Tests),
our proportionate share is based on our proportionate interest in the equity interests and certain
debt securities issued by the partnership. For all of the other asset and income tests, our
proportionate share is based on our proportionate interest in the capital interests in the
partnership. Our proportionate share of the assets, liabilities, and items of income of our
operating partnership and of any other partnership, joint venture, or limited liability company
that is treated as a partnership for federal income tax purposes in which we own or will acquire an
interest, directly or indirectly (each, a Partnership and, together, the Partnerships), are
treated as our assets and gross income for purposes of applying the various REIT qualification
requirements.
Subject to restrictions on the value of TRS securities held by the REIT, a REIT is permitted
to own up to 100% of the stock of one or more TRSs. A TRS is a fully taxable corporation. The TRS
and the REIT must jointly elect to treat the subsidiary as a TRS. A corporation of which a TRS
directly or indirectly owns more than 35% of the voting power or value of the stock will be
automatically treated as a TRS. A TRS may not directly or indirectly operate or manage any hotels
or health care facilities or provide rights to any brand name under which any hotel or health care
facility is operated but is permitted to lease hotels from a related REIT as long as the hotels are
operated on behalf of the TRS by an eligible independent contractor. Overall, no more than 20% of
the value of a REITs assets may consist of TRS securities. We formed and made a timely election
with respect to two TRSs, Ashford TRS Corporation and Ashford TRS VI Corporation (together with
their respective subsidiaries, Ashford TRSs). Each of our hotel properties is leased or owned by
one of the Ashford TRSs. Additionally, we may form or acquire one or more additional TRSs in the
future. See Taxable REIT Subsidiaries.
Income Tests
We must satisfy two gross income tests annually to maintain our qualification as a REIT.
First, at least 75% of our gross income for each taxable year must consist of defined types of
income that we derive, directly or indirectly, from investments relating to real property or
mortgages on real property or qualified temporary investment income. Qualifying income for purposes
of that 75% gross income test generally includes:
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rents from real property; |
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interest on debt secured by mortgages on real property or on interests in real property; |
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dividends and gain from the sale of shares in other REITs; |
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gain from the sale of real estate assets; and |
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income derived from the temporary investment of new capital or qualified temporary
investment income, that is attributable to the issuance of our stock or a public offering
of our debt with a maturity date of at least five years and that we receive during the
one-year period beginning on the date on which we received such new capital. |
Second, in general, at least 95% of our gross income for each taxable year must consist of
income that is qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income test, other types of
dividends and interest, gain from the
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sale or disposition of stock or securities, income from certain hedging transactions, or any
combination of these. Gross income from our sale of any property that we hold primarily for sale to
customers in the ordinary course of business is excluded from both income tests. In addition,
income and gain from hedging transactions, as defined in Hedging Transactions, that we enter
into to hedge indebtedness incurred or to be incurred to acquire or carry real estate assets and
that are clearly and timely identified as such will be excluded from both the numerator and the
denominator for purposes of the 95% gross income test (but not the 75% gross income test). The
following paragraphs discuss the specific application of the gross income tests to us.
Rents from Real Property. Rent that we receive from real property that we own and lease to
tenants will qualify as rents from real property, which is qualifying income for purposes of the
75% and 95% gross income tests, only if the following conditions are met:
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First, the rent must not be based, in whole or in part, on the income or profits of any
person but may be based on a fixed percentage or percentages of gross receipts or gross
sales. |
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Second, neither we nor a direct or indirect owner of 10% or more of our shares of
common stock may own, actually or constructively, 10% or more of a tenant other than a TRS
from whom we receive rent. |
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Third, if the rent attributable to personal property leased in connection with a lease
of real property exceeds 15% of the total rent received under the lease, then the portion
of rent attributable to that personal property will not qualify as rents from real
property. |
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Fourth, we generally must not operate or manage our real property or furnish or render
services to our tenants, other than through an independent contractor who is adequately
compensated, from whom we do not derive revenue, and who does not, directly or through its
stockholders, own more than 35% of our shares of common stock, taking into consideration
the applicable ownership attribution rules. However, we need not provide services through
an independent contractor, but instead may provide services directly to our tenants, if
the services are usually or customarily rendered in the geographic area in connection
with the rental of space for occupancy only and are not considered to be provided for the
tenants convenience. In addition, we may provide a minimal amount of non-customary
services to the tenants of a property, other than through an independent contractor, as
long as our income from the services (valued at not less than 150% of our direct cost of
performing such services) does not exceed 1% of our income from the related property.
Furthermore, we may own up to 100% of the stock of a TRS which may provide customary and
noncustomary services to our tenants without tainting our rental income from the related
properties. See Taxable REIT Subsidiaries. |
Pursuant to percentage leases, the Ashford TRSs lease each of our properties not owned by a
TRS. The percentage leases provide that the Ashford TRSs are obligated to pay to the Partnerships
(1) a minimum base rent plus percentage rent based on gross revenue and (2) additional charges or
other expenses, as defined in the leases. Percentage rent is calculated by multiplying fixed
percentages by room revenues for each of the hotels. Both base rent and the thresholds in the
percentage rent formulas may be adjusted for inflation.
In order for the base rent, percentage rent, and additional charges to constitute rents from
real property, the percentage leases must be respected as true leases for federal income tax
purposes and not treated as service contracts, joint ventures, or some other type of arrangement.
The determination of whether the percentage leases are true leases depends on an analysis of all
the surrounding facts and circumstances. In making such a determination, courts have considered a
variety of factors, including the following:
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the intent of the parties; |
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the form of the agreement; |
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the degree of control over the property that is retained by the property owner, or
whether the lessee has substantial control over the operation of the property or is
required simply to use its best efforts to perform its obligations under the agreement;
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the extent to which the property owner retains the risk of loss with respect to the
property, or whether the lessee bears the risk of increases in operating expenses or the
risk of damage to the property or the potential for economic gain or appreciation with
respect to the property. |
In addition, federal income tax law provides that a contract that purports to be a service
contract or a partnership agreement will be treated instead as a lease of property if the contract
is properly treated as such, taking into account all relevant factors, including whether or not:
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the service recipient is in physical possession of the property; |
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the service recipient controls the property; |
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the service recipient has a significant economic or possessory interest in the
property, or whether the propertys use is likely to be dedicated to the service recipient
for a substantial portion of the useful life of the property, the recipient shares the
risk that the property will decline in value, the recipient shares in any appreciation in
the value of the property, the recipient shares in savings in the propertys operating
costs, or the recipient bears the risk of damage to or loss of the property; |
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the service provider bears the risk of substantially diminished receipts or
substantially increased expenditures if there is nonperformance under the contract; |
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the service provider uses the property concurrently to provide significant services to
entities unrelated to the service recipient; and |
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the total contract price substantially exceeds the rental value of the property for the
contract period. |
Since the determination whether a service contract should be treated as a lease is inherently
factual, the presence or absence of any single factor will not be dispositive in every case.
We believe that the percentage leases will be treated as true leases for federal income tax
purposes. Such belief is based, in part, on the following facts:
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the Partnerships, on the one hand, and Ashford TRSs, on the other hand, intend for
their relationship to be that of a lessor and lessee, and such relationship is documented
by lease agreements; |
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Ashford TRSs have the right to the exclusive possession, use, and quiet enjoyment of
the hotels during the term of the percentage leases; |
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Ashford TRSs bear the cost of, and are responsible for, day-to-day maintenance and
repair of the hotels and generally dictate how the hotels are operated, maintained, and
improved; |
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Ashford TRSs bear all of the costs and expenses of operating the hotels, including the
cost of any inventory used in their operation, during the term of the percentage leases,
other than real estate taxes; |
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Ashford TRSs benefit from any savings in the costs of operating the hotels during the
term of the percentage leases; |
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Ashford TRSs generally have indemnified the Partnerships against all liabilities
imposed on the Partnerships during the term of the percentage leases by reason of (1)
injury to persons or damage to property occurring at the hotels, (2) Ashford TRSs use,
management, maintenance, or repair of the hotels, (3) any environmental liability caused
by acts or grossly negligent failures to act of Ashford TRSs, (4) taxes and assessments in
respect of the hotels that are the obligations of Ashford TRSs, or (5) any breach of the
percentage leases or of any sublease of a hotel by Ashford TRSs; |
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Ashford TRSs are obligated to pay substantial fixed rent for the period of use of the
hotels; |
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Ashford TRSs stand to incur substantial losses or reap substantial gains depending on
how successfully they operate the hotels; |
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the Partnerships cannot use the hotels concurrently to provide significant services to
entities unrelated to Ashford TRSs; and |
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the total contract price under the percentage leases does not substantially exceed the
rental value of the hotels for the term of the percentage leases. |
Investors should be aware that there are no controlling Treasury regulations, published
rulings, or judicial decisions involving leases with terms substantially the same as the percentage
leases that discuss whether such leases constitute true leases for federal income tax purposes. If
the percentage leases are characterized as service contracts or partnership agreements, rather than
as true leases, part or all of the payments that the Partnerships receive from Ashford TRSs may not
be considered rent or may not otherwise satisfy the various requirements for qualification as
rents from real property. In that case, we likely would not be able to satisfy either the 75% or
95% gross income test and, as a result, would lose our REIT status.
As described above, in order for the rent received by us to constitute rents from real
property, several other requirements must be satisfied. One requirement is that the percentage
rent must not be based in whole or in part on the income or profits of any person. The percentage
rent, however, will qualify as rents from real property if it is based on percentages of gross
receipts or gross sales and the percentages:
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are fixed at the time the percentage leases are entered into; |
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are not renegotiated during the term of the percentage leases in a manner that has the
effect of basing percentage rent on income or profits; and |
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conform with normal business practice. |
More generally, the percentage rent will not qualify as rents from real property if,
considering the percentage leases and all the surrounding circumstances, the arrangement does not
conform with normal business practice, but is in reality used as a means of basing the percentage
rent on income or profits. Since the percentage rent is based on fixed percentages of the gross
revenues from the hotels that are established in the percentage leases, and we have represented to
Andrews Kurth LLP that the percentages (1) will not be renegotiated during the terms of the
percentage leases in a manner that has the effect of basing the percentage rent on income or
profits and (2) conform with normal business practice, the percentage rent should not be considered
based in whole or in part on the income or profits of any person. Furthermore, we have represented
to Andrews Kurth LLP that, with respect to other hotel properties that we acquire in the future, we
will not charge rent for any property that is based in whole or in part on the income or profits of
any person, except by reason of being based on a fixed percentage of gross revenues, as described
above.
Another requirement for qualification of our rent as rents from real property is that we
must not own, actually or constructively, 10% or more of the stock of any corporate lessee or 10%
or more of the assets or net profits of any non-corporate lessee (a related party tenant). This
rule, however, does not apply to rents for hotels leased to a TRS if an eligible independent
contractor operates the hotel for the TRS.
A third requirement for qualification of our rent as rents from real property is that the
rent attributable to the personal property leased in connection with the lease of a hotel must not
be greater than 15% of the total rent received under the lease. The rent attributable to the
personal property contained in a hotel is the amount that bears the same ratio to total rent for
the taxable year as the average of the fair market values of the personal property at the beginning
and at the end of the taxable year bears to the average of the aggregate fair market values of both
the real and personal property contained in the hotel at the beginning and at the end of such
taxable year (the personal property ratio). With respect to each hotel, we believe either that
the personal property ratio is less than 15% or that
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any income attributable to excess personal property will not jeopardize our ability to qualify
as a REIT. There can be no assurance, however, that the IRS would not challenge our calculation of
a personal property ratio or that a court would not uphold such assertion. If such a challenge were
successfully asserted, we could fail to satisfy the 95% or 75% gross income test and thus lose our
REIT status.
A fourth requirement for qualification of our rent as rents from real property is that,
other than within the 1% de minimis exception described above (i.e., we may provide a minimal
amount of non-customary services to the tenants of a property, other than through an independent
contractor, as long as our income from the services does not exceed 1% of our income from the
related property) and other than through a TRS, we cannot furnish or render noncustomary services
to the tenants of our hotels, or manage or operate our hotels, other than through an independent
contractor who is adequately compensated and from whom we do not derive or receive any income.
Provided that the percentage leases are respected as true leases, we should satisfy that
requirement, because the Partnerships will not perform any services other than customary services
for Ashford TRSs. Furthermore, we have represented that, with respect to other hotel properties
that we acquire in the future, we will not perform noncustomary services for Ashford TRSs.
If a portion of our rent from a hotel does not qualify as rents from real property because
the rent attributable to personal property exceeds 15% of the total rent for a taxable year, the
portion of the rent that is attributable to personal property will not be qualifying income for
purposes of either the 75% or 95% gross income test. Thus, if such rent attributable to personal
property, plus any other income that is nonqualifying income for purposes of the 95% gross income
test, during a taxable year exceeds 5% of our gross income during the year, we would lose our REIT
status. If, however, the rent from a particular hotel does not qualify as rents from real
property because either (1) the percentage rent is considered based on the income or profits of
the related lessee, (2) the lessee is a related party tenant other than a TRS, or (3) we furnish
noncustomary services to the tenants of the hotel, or manage or operate the hotel, other than
through a qualifying independent contractor or a TRS, none of the rent from that hotel would
qualify as rents from real property.
In that case, we likely would be unable to satisfy either the 75% or 95% gross income test
and, as a result, would lose our REIT status. However, in either situation, we may still qualify
as a REIT if the relief described below under Failure to Satisfy Gross Income Tests is
available to us.
In addition to the rent, the Ashford TRSs are required to pay to the Partnerships certain
additional charges. To the extent that such additional charges represent either (1) reimbursements
of amounts that the Partnerships are obligated to pay to third parties or (2) penalties for
nonpayment or late payment of such amounts, such charges should qualify as rents from real
property. However, to the extent that such charges represent interest that is accrued on the late
payment of the rent or additional charges, such charges will not qualify as rents from real
property, but instead should be treated as interest that qualifies for the 95% gross income test.
Interest. The term interest, as defined for purposes of both the 75% and 95% gross income
tests, generally does not include any amount received or accrued, directly or indirectly, if the
determination of such amount depends in whole or in part on the income or profits of any person.
However, an amount received or accrued generally will not be excluded from the term interest
solely by reason of being based on a fixed percentage or percentages of receipts or sales.
Furthermore, to the extent that interest from a loan that is based on the residual cash proceeds
from the sale of the property securing the loan constitutes a shared appreciation provision,
income attributable to such participation feature will be treated as gain from the sale of the
secured property.
While certain of our existing mezzanine loans are not secured by a direct interest in real
property, other of our mezzanine loans are, and future mezzanine loans may be. In Revenue Procedure
2003-65, the IRS established a safe harbor under which interest from loans secured by a first
priority security interest in ownership interests in a partnership or limited liability company
owning real property will be treated as qualifying income for both the 75% and 95% gross income
tests, provided several requirements are satisfied. Although the Revenue Procedure provides a safe
harbor on which taxpayers may rely, it does not prescribe rules of substantive tax law. Moreover,
although we anticipate that most or all of any mezzanine loans that we make or acquire will qualify
for the safe harbor in Revenue Procedure 2003-65, it is possible that we may make or acquire some
mezzanine loans that do not qualify for the safe harbor.
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Prohibited Transactions. A REIT will incur a 100% tax on the net income derived from any sale
or other disposition of property, other than foreclosure property, that the REIT holds primarily
for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business. Whether a REIT holds an asset
primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business depends on the
facts and circumstances in effect from time to time, including those related to a particular asset.
We believe that none of the assets owned by the Partnerships is held primarily for sale to
customers and that a sale of any such asset would not be in the ordinary course of the owning
entitys business. We will attempt to comply with the terms of safe-harbor provisions in the
federal income tax laws prescribing when an asset sale will not be characterized as a prohibited
transaction. We cannot provide assurance, however, that we can comply with such safe-harbor
provisions or that the Partnerships will avoid owning property that may be characterized as
property held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business.
Foreclosure Property. We will be subject to tax at the maximum corporate rate on any income
from foreclosure property, other than income that would be qualifying income for purposes of the
75% gross income test, less expenses directly connected with the production of such income.
However, gross income from such foreclosure property will qualify for purposes of the 75% and 95%
gross income tests. Foreclosure property is any real property, including interests in real
property, and any personal property incident to such real property:
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that is acquired by a REIT as the result of such REIT having bid on such property at
foreclosure, or having otherwise reduced such property to ownership or possession by
agreement or process of law, after there was a default or default was imminent on a lease
of such property or on an indebtedness that such property secured; |
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for which the related loan or lease was acquired by the REIT at a time when the REIT
had no intent to evict or foreclose or the REIT did not know or have reason to know that
default would occur; and |
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for which such REIT makes a proper election to treat such property as foreclosure
property. |
However, a REIT will not be considered to have foreclosed on a property where the REIT takes
control of the property as a mortgagee-in-possession and cannot receive any profit or sustain any
loss except as a creditor of the mortgagor. Property generally ceases to be foreclosure property
with respect to a REIT at the end of the third taxable year following the taxable year in which the
REIT acquired such property, or longer if an extension is granted by the Secretary of the Treasury.
The foregoing grace period is terminated and foreclosure property ceases to be foreclosure property
on the first day:
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on which a lease is entered into with respect to such property that, by its terms, will
give rise to income that does not qualify for purposes of the 75% gross income test or any
amount is received or accrued, directly or indirectly, pursuant to a lease entered into on
or after such day that will give rise to income that does not qualify for purposes of the
75% gross income test; |
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on which any construction takes place on such property, other than completion of a
building, or any other improvement, where more than 10% of the construction of such
building or other improvement was completed before default became imminent; or |
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which is more than 90 days after the day on which such property was acquired by the
REIT and the property is used in a trade or business which is conducted by the REIT, other
than through an independent contractor from whom the REIT itself does not derive or
receive any income. |
As a result of the rules with respect to foreclosure property, if a lessee defaults on its
obligations under a percentage lease, we terminate the lessees leasehold interest, and we are
unable to find a replacement lessee for the hotel within 90 days of such foreclosure, gross income
from hotel operations conducted by us from such hotel would cease to qualify for the 75% and 95%
gross income tests unless we are able to hire an independent contractor to manage and operate the
hotel. In such event, we might be unable to satisfy the 75% and 95% gross income tests and, thus,
might fail to qualify as a REIT.
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Hedging Transactions. From time to time, we may enter into hedging transactions with respect
to one or more of our assets or liabilities. Our hedging activities may include entering into
interest rate swaps, caps, and floors, options to purchase such items, and futures and forward
contracts. To the extent that we entered into an interest rate swap or cap contract, option,
futures contract, forward rate agreement, or any similar financial instrument to hedge our
indebtedness incurred to acquire or carry real estate assets prior to January 1, 2005, any
periodic income or gain from the disposition of such contract should be qualifying income for
purposes of the 95% gross income test, but not the 75% gross income test. To the extent that we
hedged with other types of financial instruments during such years, or in other situations, it is
not entirely clear how the income from those transactions will be treated for purposes of the gross
income tests. To the extent that we enter into such transactions after December 31, 2004, income
arising from clearly identified hedging transactions that are entered into by the REIT in the
normal course of business, either directly or through certain subsidiary entities, to manage the
risk of interest rate movements, price changes, or currency fluctuations with respect to borrowings
or obligations incurred or to be incurred by the REIT to acquire or carry real estate assets is
excluded from the 95% income test, but not the 75% income test. In general, for a hedging
transaction to be clearly identified, (A) the transaction must be identified as a hedging
transaction before the end of the day on which it is entered into, and (B) the items or risks being
hedged must be identified substantially contemporaneously with the hedging transaction, meaning
that the identification of the items or risks being hedged must generally occur within 35 days
after the date the transaction is entered into. Such income is excluded from gross income in
applying the 95% gross income test but not the 75% gross income test. We intend to structure any
hedging transactions in a manner that does not jeopardize our status as a REIT. The REIT income and
asset rules may limit our ability to hedge loans or securities acquired as investments.
Failure to Satisfy Gross Income Tests. If we fail to satisfy one or both of the gross income
tests for any taxable year, we nevertheless may qualify as a REIT for such year if we qualify for
relief under certain provisions of the federal income tax laws. Those relief provisions generally
will be available if:
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our failure to meet such tests is due to reasonable cause and not due to willful
neglect; and |
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following our identification of the failure to meet one or both gross income tests for
a taxable year, a description of each item of our gross income included in the 75% or 95%
gross income tests is set forth in a schedule for such taxable year filed as specified by
Treasury regulations. |
We cannot predict, however, whether in all circumstances we would qualify for the relief
provisions. In addition, as discussed above in Taxation of Our Company, even if the relief
provisions apply, we would incur a 100% tax on the gross income attributable to the greater of the
amounts by which we fail the 75% and 95% gross income tests, multiplied by a fraction intended to
reflect our profitability.
Asset Tests
To maintain our qualification as a REIT, we also must satisfy the following asset tests at the
close of each quarter of each taxable year:
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First, at least 75% of the value of our total assets must consist of: |
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cash or cash items, including certain receivables; |
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government securities; |
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interests in real property, including leaseholds and options to acquire real property and leaseholds; |
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interests in mortgages on real property; |
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stock in other REITs; and |
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investments in stock or debt instruments during the one-year period following our
receipt of new capital that we raise through equity offerings or offerings of debt
with at least a five-year term. |
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Second, of our investments not included in the 75% asset class, the value of our
interest in any one issuers securities may not exceed 5% of the value of our total
assets. |
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Third, of our investments not included in the 75% asset class, we may not own more than
10% of the voting power or value of any one issuers outstanding securities. |
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Fourth, no more than 20% of the value of our total assets may consist of the securities
of one or more TRSs. |
For purposes of the second and third asset tests, the term securities does not include stock
in another REIT, equity or debt securities of a qualified REIT subsidiary or TRS, or equity
interests in a partnership.
For purposes of the 10% value test, the term securities does not include:
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Straight debt securities, which is defined as a written unconditional promise to pay
on demand or on a specified date a sum certain in money if (i) the debt is not convertible,
directly or indirectly, into stock, and (ii) the interest rate and interest payment dates
are not contingent on profits, the borrowers discretion, or similar factors. Straight
debt securities do not include any securities issued by a partnership or a corporation in
which we or any controlled TRS (i.e., a TRS in which we own directly or indirectly more
than 50% of the voting power or value of the stock) hold non-straight debt securities
that have an aggregate value of more than 1% of the issuers outstanding securities.
However, straight debt securities include debt subject to the following contingencies: |
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a contingency relating to the time of payment of interest or principal, as long as
either (i) there is no change to the effective yield of the debt obligation, other than
a change to the annual yield that does not exceed the greater of 0.25% or 5% of the
annual yield, or (ii) neither the aggregate issue price nor the aggregate face amount
of the issuers debt obligations held by us exceeds $1 million and no more than 12
months of unaccrued interest on the debt obligations can be required to be prepaid; and |
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a contingency relating to the time or amount of payment upon a default or prepayment
of a debt obligation, as long as the contingency is consistent with customary
commercial practice. |
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Any loan to an individual or an estate. |
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Any section 467 rental agreement, other than an agreement with a related party tenant. |
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Any obligation to pay rents from real property. |
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Certain securities issued by governmental entities. |
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Any security issued by a REIT. |
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Any debt instrument of an entity treated as a partnership for federal income tax
purposes to the extent of our interest as a partner in the partnership. |
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Any debt instrument of an entity treated as a partnership for federal income tax
purposes not described in the preceding bullet points if at least 75% of the partnerships
gross income, excluding income from prohibited transactions, is qualifying income for
purposes of the 75% gross income test described above in Income Tests. |
We believe that our existing mezzanine loans that are secured only by ownership interests in
an entity owning real property qualify for the safe harbor in Revenue Procedure 2003-65, pursuant
to which mezzanine loans secured by a first priority security interest in ownership interests in a
partnership or limited liability company will be treated as qualifying assets for purposes of the
75% asset test. We may make or acquire some mezzanine loans that are secured only by a first
priority security interest in ownership interests in a partnership or limited liability company and
that do not qualify for the safe harbor in Revenue Procedure 2003-65 relating to the 75% asset test
and that do not qualify as straight debt for purposes of the 10% value test. We will make or
acquire mezzanine loans that do not qualify for the safe harbor in Revenue Procedure 2003-65 or as
straight debt securities only to the extent that such loans will not cause us to fail the asset
tests described above.
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We will monitor the status of our assets for purposes of the various asset tests and will seek
to manage our assets to comply at all times with such tests. There can be no assurances, however,
that we will be successful in this effort. In this regard, to determine our compliance with these
requirements, we will need to estimate the value of the real estate securing our mortgage loans at
various times. In addition, we will have to value our investment in our other assets to ensure
compliance with the asset tests. Although we will seek to be prudent in making these estimates,
there can be no assurances that the IRS might not disagree with these determinations and assert
that a different value is applicable, in which case we might not satisfy the 75% and the other
asset tests and would fail to qualify as a REIT. If we fail to satisfy the asset tests at the end
of a calendar quarter, we will not lose our REIT qualification if:
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we satisfied the asset tests at the end of the preceding calendar quarter; and |
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the discrepancy between the value of our assets and the asset test requirements arose
from changes in the market values of our assets and was not wholly or partly caused by the
acquisition of one or more non-qualifying assets. |
If we did not satisfy the condition described in the second item, above, we still could avoid
disqualification by eliminating any discrepancy within 30 days after the close of the calendar
quarter in which it arose.
In the event that we violate the second or third asset tests described above at the end of any
calendar quarter, we will not lose our REIT qualification if (i) the failure is de minimis (up to
the lesser of 1% of our assets or $10 million) and (ii) we dispose of assets or otherwise comply
with the asset tests within six months after the last day of the quarter in which we identified
such failure. In the event of a more than de minimis failure of any of the asset tests, as long as
the failure was due to reasonable cause and not to willful neglect, we will not lose our REIT
qualification if we (i) dispose of assets or otherwise comply with the asset tests within six
months after the last day of the quarter in which we identified such failure, (ii) file a schedule
with the IRS describing the assets that caused such failure in accordance with regulations
promulgated by the Secretary of Treasury and (iii) pay a tax equal to the greater of $50,000 or 35%
of the net income from the nonqualifying assets during the period in which we failed to satisfy the
asset tests.
Distribution Requirements
Each taxable year, we must distribute dividends, other than capital gain dividends and deemed
distributions of retained capital gain, to our stockholders in an aggregate amount at least equal
to:
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the sum of (1) 90% of our REIT taxable income, computed without regard to the
dividends paid deduction and our net capital gain, and (2) 90% of our after-tax net
income, if any, from foreclosure property; minus |
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the sum of certain items of non-cash income. |
We must pay such distributions in the taxable year to which they relate, or in the following
taxable year if we declare the distribution before we timely file our federal income tax return for
such year and pay the distribution on or before the first regular dividend payment date after such
declaration. Any dividends declared in the last three months of the taxable year, payable to
stockholders of record on a specified date during such period, will be treated as paid on December
31 of such year if such dividends are distributed during January of the following year.
We will pay federal income tax on taxable income, including net capital gain, that we do not
distribute to our stockholders. Furthermore, if we fail to distribute during a calendar year, or by
the end of January following such calendar year in the case of distributions with declaration and
record dates falling in the last three months of the calendar year, at least the sum of:
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85% of our REIT ordinary income for such year; |
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95% of our REIT capital gain income for such year; and |
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any undistributed taxable income from prior periods, |
we will incur a 4% nondeductible excise tax on the excess of such required distribution over the
amounts we actually distributed. We may elect to retain and pay income tax on the net long-term
capital gain we receive in a taxable year. See Taxation of Taxable U.S. Stockholders. If we so
elect, we will be treated as having distributed any such retained amount for purposes of the 4%
excise tax described above. We intend to make timely distributions sufficient to satisfy the annual
distribution requirements.
It is possible that, from time to time, we may experience timing differences between (1) the
actual receipt of income and actual payment of deductible expenses, and (2) the inclusion of that
income and deduction of such expenses in arriving at our REIT taxable income. For example, under
some of the percentage leases, the percentage rent is not due until after the end of the calendar
quarter. In that case, we still would be required to recognize as income the excess of the
percentage rent over the base rent paid by the lessee in the calendar quarter to which such excess
relates. In addition, we may not deduct recognized net capital losses from our REIT taxable
income. Further, it is possible that, from time to time, we may be allocated a share of net
capital gain attributable to the sale of depreciated property that exceeds our allocable share of
cash attributable to that sale. As a result of the foregoing, we may have less cash than is
necessary to distribute all of our taxable income and thereby avoid corporate income tax and the
excise tax imposed on certain undistributed income. In such a situation, we may need to borrow
funds or issue additional common or preferred shares.
Under certain circumstances, we may be able to correct a failure to meet the distribution
requirement for a year by paying deficiency dividends to our stockholders in a later year. We may
include such deficiency dividends in our deduction for dividends paid for the earlier year.
Although we may be able to avoid income tax on amounts distributed as deficiency dividends, we will
be required to pay interest to the IRS based upon the amount of any deduction we take for
deficiency dividends.
Recordkeeping Requirements
To avoid a monetary penalty, we must request on an annual basis information from our
stockholders designed to disclose the actual ownership of our outstanding shares of common stock.
We intend to comply with such requirements.
Failure to Qualify
If we fail to satisfy one or more requirements for REIT qualification, other than the gross
income tests and the asset tests, we could avoid disqualification if our failure is due to
reasonable cause and not to willful neglect and we pay a penalty of $50,000 for each such failure.
In addition, there are relief provisions for a failure of the gross income tests and asset tests,
as described in Income Tests and Asset Tests.
If we were to fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, and no relief provision applied,
we would be subject to federal income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate rates and any
applicable alternative minimum tax. In calculating our taxable income in a year in which we failed
to qualify as a REIT, we would not be able to deduct amounts paid out to stockholders. In fact, we
would not be required to distribute any amounts to stockholders in such year. In such event, to the
extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits, all distributions to stockholders would
be taxable as regular corporate dividends. Subject to certain limitations of the federal income tax
laws, corporate stockholders might be eligible for the dividends received deduction and individual
and certain non-corporate trust and estate stockholders may be eligible for the reduced U.S.
federal income tax rate of 15% on such dividends. Unless we qualified for relief under specific
statutory provisions, we also would be disqualified from taxation as a REIT for the four taxable
years following the year during which we ceased to qualify as a REIT. We cannot predict whether in
all circumstances we would qualify for such statutory relief.
Taxation of Taxable U.S. Stockholders
The term U.S. stockholder means a holder of our common stock that for U.S. federal income
tax purposes is:
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a citizen or resident of the United States; |
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a corporation (including an entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax
purposes) created or organized in or under the laws of the United States, any of its
states, or the District of Columbia; |
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an estate whose income is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its
source; or |
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any trust if (1) a U.S. court is able to exercise primary supervision over the
administration of such trust and one or more U.S. persons have the authority to control
all substantial decisions of the trust or (2) it has a valid election in place to be
treated as a U.S. person. |
If a partnership, entity or arrangement treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax
purposes holds our common stock, the federal income tax treatment of a partner in the partnership
will generally depend on the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. If you
are a partner in a partnership holding our common stock, you should consult your tax advisor
regarding the consequences of the purchase, ownership and disposition of our common stock by the
partnership.
As long as we qualify as a REIT, (1) a taxable U.S. stockholder must take into account
distributions that are made out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits and that we do
not designate as capital gain dividends or retained long-term capital gain as ordinary income, and
(2) a corporate U.S. stockholder will not qualify for the dividends received deduction generally
available to corporations. In addition, dividends paid to a U.S. stockholder generally will not
qualify for the 15% tax rate (through 2008) for qualified dividend income. Without future
congressional action, the maximum tax rate on qualified dividend income will move to 35% in 2009
and 39.6% in 2011. Qualified dividend income generally includes most U.S. noncorporate stockholders
but does not generally include REIT dividends. As a result, our ordinary REIT dividends generally
will continue to be taxed at the higher tax rate applicable to ordinary income. Currently, the
highest marginal individual income tax rate on ordinary income is 35%. However, the 15% tax rate
for qualified dividend income will apply to our ordinary REIT dividends, if any, that are (1)
attributable to dividends received by us from non-REIT corporations, such as Ashford TRSs, and (2)
attributable to income upon which we have paid corporate income tax (e.g., to the extent that we
distribute less than 100% of our taxable income). In general, to qualify for the reduced tax rate
on qualified dividend income, a stockholder must hold our common stock for more than 60 days during
the 121-day period beginning on the date that is 60 days before the date on which our common stock
becomes ex-dividend.
A U.S. stockholder generally will report distributions that we designate as capital gain
dividends as long-term capital gain without regard to the period for which the U.S. stockholder has
held our common stock. A corporate U.S. stockholder, however, may be required to treat up to 20% of
certain capital gain dividends as ordinary income.
We may elect to retain and pay income tax on the net long-term capital gain that we receive in
a taxable year. In that case, a U.S. stockholder would be taxed on its proportionate share of our
undistributed long-term capital gain, to the extent that we designate such amount in a timely
notice to such stockholder. The U.S. stockholder would receive a credit or refund for its
proportionate share of the tax we paid. The U.S. stockholder would increase the basis in its common
stock by the amount of its proportionate share of our undistributed long-term capital gain, minus
its share of the tax we paid.
To the extent that we make a distribution in excess of our current and accumulated earnings
and profits, such distribution will not be taxable to a U.S. stockholder to the extent that it does
not exceed the adjusted tax basis of the U.S. stockholders common stock. Instead, such
distribution will reduce the adjusted tax basis of such common stock. To the extent that we make a
distribution in excess of both our current and accumulated earnings and profits and the U.S.
stockholders adjusted tax basis in its common stock, such stockholder will recognize long-term
capital gain, or short-term capital gain if the common stock has been held for one year or less,
assuming the common stock is a capital asset in the hands of the U.S. stockholder. In addition, if
we declare a dividend in October, November, or December of any year that is payable to a U.S.
stockholder of record on a specified date in any such month, such dividend shall be treated as both
paid by us and received by the U.S. stockholder on
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December 31 of such year, provided that we
actually pay the dividend during January of the following calendar year.
Stockholders may not include in their individual income tax returns any of our net operating
losses or capital losses. Instead, we would carry over such losses for potential offset against our
future income generally. Taxable distributions from us and gain from the disposition of our common
stock will not be treated as passive activity income, and, therefore, stockholders generally will
not be able to apply any passive activity losses, such as losses from certain types of limited
partnerships in which the stockholder is a limited partner, against such income. In addition,
taxable distributions from us and gain from the disposition of the common stock generally will be
treated as investment income for purposes of the investment interest limitations.
We will notify stockholders after the close of our taxable year as to the portions of the
distributions attributable to that year that constitute ordinary income, return of capital, and
capital gain.
Taxation of U.S. Stockholders on the Disposition of Common Stock
In general, a U.S. stockholder who is not a dealer in securities must treat any gain or loss
realized upon a taxable disposition of our common stock as long-term capital gain or loss if the
U.S. stockholder has held the common stock for more than one year and otherwise as short-term
capital gain or loss. However, a U.S. stockholder must treat any loss upon a sale or exchange of
common stock held by such stockholder for six months or less as a long-term capital loss to the
extent of any actual or deemed distributions from us that such U.S. stockholder previously has
characterized as long-term capital gain. All or a portion of any loss that a U.S. stockholder
realizes upon a taxable disposition of the common stock may be disallowed if the U.S. stockholder
purchases other common stock within 30 days before or after the disposition.
Capital Gains and Losses
A taxpayer generally must hold a capital asset for more than one year for gain or loss derived
from its sale or exchange to be treated as long-term capital gain or loss. The highest marginal
individual income tax rate is currently 35%. The maximum tax rate on long-term capital gain
applicable to non-corporate taxpayers is 15% for sales and exchanges of assets held for more than
one year. The maximum tax rate on long-term capital gain from the sale or exchange of section 1250
property, or depreciable real property, is 25% to the extent that such gain would have been
treated as ordinary income if the property were section 1245 property. With respect to
distributions that we designate as capital gain dividends and any retained capital gain that we are
deemed to distribute, we generally may designate whether such a distribution is taxable to our
non-corporate stockholders at a 15% or 25% rate. Thus, the tax rate differential between capital
gain and ordinary income for non-corporate taxpayers may be significant. In addition, the
characterization of income as capital gain or ordinary income may affect the deductibility of
capital losses. A non-corporate taxpayer may deduct capital losses not offset by capital gains
against its ordinary income only up to a maximum annual amount of $3,000. A non-corporate taxpayer
may carry forward unused capital losses indefinitely. A corporate taxpayer must pay tax on its net
capital gain at ordinary corporate rates. A corporate taxpayer may deduct capital losses only to
the extent of capital gains, with unused losses being carried back three years and forward five
years.
Information Reporting Requirements and Backup Withholding
We will report to our stockholders and to the IRS the amount of distributions we pay during
each calendar year and the amount of tax we withhold, if any. Under the backup withholding rules, a
stockholder may be subject to backup withholding at the rate of 28% with respect to distributions
unless such holder:
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is a corporation or comes within certain other exempt categories and, when required,
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provides a taxpayer identification number, certifies as to no loss of exemption from
backup withholding, and otherwise complies with the applicable requirements of the backup
withholding rules. |
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A stockholder who does not provide us with its correct taxpayer identification number also may
be subject to penalties imposed by the IRS. Any amount paid as backup withholding will be
creditable against the
stockholders income tax liability. In addition, we may be required to withhold a portion of
capital gain distributions to any stockholders who fail to certify their non-foreign status to us.
See Taxation of Non-U.S. Stockholders.
Taxation of Tax-Exempt Stockholders
Tax-exempt entities, including qualified employee pension and profit sharing trusts and
individual retirement accounts, generally are exempt from federal income taxation. However, they
are subject to taxation on their unrelated business taxable income. While many investments in real
estate generate unrelated business taxable income, the IRS has issued a published ruling that
dividend distributions from a REIT to an exempt employee pension trust do not constitute unrelated
business taxable income, provided that the exempt employee pension trust does not otherwise use the
shares of the REIT in an unrelated trade or business of the pension trust. Based on that ruling,
amounts that we distribute to tax-exempt stockholders generally should not constitute unrelated
business taxable income. However, if a tax-exempt stockholder were to finance its acquisition of
our common stock with debt, a portion of the income that it receives from us would constitute
unrelated business taxable income pursuant to the debt-financed property rules. Furthermore,
social clubs, voluntary employee benefit associations, supplemental unemployment benefit trusts,
and qualified group legal services plans that are exempt from taxation under special provisions of
the federal income tax laws are subject to different unrelated business taxable income rules, which
generally will require them to characterize distributions that they receive from us as unrelated
business taxable income. Finally, if we are a pension-held REIT, a qualified employee pension or
profit sharing trust that owns more than 10% of our shares of common stock is required to treat a
percentage of the dividends that it receives from us as unrelated business taxable income. That
percentage is equal to the gross income that we derive from an unrelated trade or business,
determined as if we were a pension trust, divided by our total gross income for the year in which
we pay the dividends. That rule applies to a pension trust holding more than 10% of our shares of
common stock only if:
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the percentage of our dividends that the tax-exempt trust would be required to treat as
unrelated business taxable income is at least 5%; |
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we qualify as a REIT by reason of the modification of the rule requiring that no more
than 50% of our common stock be owned by five or fewer individuals that allows the
beneficiaries of the pension trust to be treated as holding our common stock in proportion
to their actuarial interests in the pension trust (see Requirements for Qualification
above); and |
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either (1) one pension trust owns more than 25% of the value of our common stock or (2)
a group of pension trusts individually holding more than 10% of the value of our common
stock collectively owns more than 50% of the value of our common stock. |
The ownership and transfer restrictions in our charter reduce the risk that we may become a
pension-held REIT.
Taxation of Non-U.S. Stockholders
The rules governing U.S. federal income taxation of nonresident alien individuals, foreign
corporations, foreign partnerships, and other foreign stockholders (collectively, non-U.S.
stockholders) are complex. This section is only a summary of such rules. We urge non-U.S.
stockholders to consult their own tax advisors to determine the impact of federal, state, and local
income tax laws on ownership of our common stock, including any reporting requirements.
A non-U.S. stockholder that receives a distribution that is not attributable to gain from our
sale or exchange of U.S. real property interests, as defined below, and that we do not designate as
a capital gain dividend will recognize ordinary income to the extent that we pay such distribution
out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits. A withholding tax equal to 30% of the gross
amount of the distribution ordinarily will apply to such distribution unless an applicable tax
treaty reduces or eliminates the tax. However, if a distribution is treated as
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effectively
connected with the non-U.S. stockholders conduct of a U.S. trade or business, the non-U.S.
stockholder generally will be subject to federal income tax on the distribution at graduated rates,
in the same manner as U.S.
stockholders are taxed with respect to such distributions. A non-U.S. stockholder that is a
corporation also may be subject to the 30% branch profits tax with respect to the distribution. We
plan to withhold U.S. income tax at the rate of 30% on the gross amount of any such distribution
paid to a non-U.S. stockholder unless either:
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a lower treaty rate applies and the non-U.S. stockholder files an IRS Form W-8BEN
evidencing eligibility for that reduced rate with us; or |
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the non-U.S. stockholder files an IRS Form W-8ECI with us claiming that the
distribution is effectively connected income. |
A non-U.S. stockholder will not incur tax on a distribution in excess of our current and
accumulated earnings and profits if the excess portion of such distribution does not exceed the
adjusted basis of its common stock. Instead, the excess portion of such distribution will reduce
the adjusted basis of such common stock. A non-U.S. stockholder will be subject to tax on a
distribution that exceeds both our current and accumulated earnings and profits and the adjusted
basis of its common stock, if the non-U.S. stockholder otherwise would be subject to tax on gain
from the sale or disposition of its common stock, as described below. Because we generally cannot
determine at the time we make a distribution whether or not the distribution will exceed our
current and accumulated earnings and profits, we normally will withhold tax on the entire amount of
any distribution at the same rate as we would withhold on a dividend. However, a non-U.S.
stockholder may obtain a refund of amounts that we withhold if we later determine that a
distribution in fact exceeded our current and accumulated earnings and profits.
Unless we are a domestically-controlled REIT, as defined below, we must withhold 10% of any
distribution that exceeds our current and accumulated earnings and profits. Consequently, although
we intend to withhold at a rate of 30% on the entire amount of any distribution, to the extent that
we do not do so, we may withhold at a rate of 10% on any portion of a distribution not subject to
withholding at a rate of 30%.
For any year in which we qualify as a REIT, a non-U.S. stockholder may incur tax on
distributions that are attributable to gain from our sale or exchange of United States real
property interests under special provisions of the federal income tax laws referred to as
FIRPTA. The term United States real property interests includes certain interests in real
property and stock in corporations at least 50% of whose assets consists of interests in real
property. Under those rules, a non-U.S. stockholder is taxed on distributions attributable to gain
from sales of United States real property interests as if such gain were effectively connected with
a United States. business of the non-U.S. stockholder. A non-U.S. stockholder thus would be taxed
on such a distribution at the normal capital gains rates applicable to U.S. stockholders, subject
to applicable alternative minimum tax and a special alternative minimum tax in the case of a
nonresident alien individual. A non-U.S. corporate stockholder not entitled to treaty relief or
exemption also may be subject to the 30% branch profits tax on such a distribution. Except as
described below with respect to regularly traded stock, we must withhold 35% of any distribution
that we could designate as a capital gain dividend. A non-U.S. stockholder may receive a credit
against its tax liability for the amount we withhold. Any distribution with respect to any class
of stock which is regularly traded on an established securities market located in the United
States, such as our common stock, shall not be treated as gain recognized from the sale or exchange
of a United States real property interest if the non-U.S. stockholder did not own more than 5% of
such class of stock at any time during the taxable year within which the distribution is received.
The distribution will be treated as an ordinary dividend to the non-U.S. stockholder and taxed as
an ordinary dividend that is not a capital gain. A non-U.S. stockholder is not required to file a
U.S. federal income tax return by reason of receiving such a distribution, and the branch profits
tax no longer applies to such a distribution. However, the distribution will be subject to U.S.
federal income tax withholding as an ordinary dividend as described above.
A non-U.S. stockholder generally will not incur tax under FIRPTA with respect to gain realized
upon a disposition of our common stock as long as we are a domestically-controlled REIT. A
domestically-controlled REIT is a REIT in which, at all times during a specified testing period,
less than 50% in value of its shares are held directly or indirectly by non-U.S. stockholders. We
cannot assure you that that test will be met. However, a non-U.S. stockholder that owned, actually
or constructively, 5% or less of our common stock at all times during a specified testing period
will not incur tax under FIRPTA with respect to any such gain if the common stock is
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regularly
traded on an established securities market. To the extent that our common stock will be regularly
traded on an established securities market, a non-U.S. stockholder will not incur tax under FIRPTA
unless it owns more than 5%
of our common stock. If the gain on the sale of the common stock were taxed under FIRPTA, a
non-U.S. stockholder would be taxed in the same manner as U.S. stockholders with respect to such
gain, subject to applicable alternative minimum tax and a special alternative minimum tax in the
case of nonresident alien individuals. Furthermore, a non-U.S. stockholder generally will incur tax
on gain not subject to FIRPTA if (1) the gain is effectively connected with the non-U.S.
stockholders U.S. trade or business, in which case the non-U.S. stockholder will be subject to the
same treatment as U.S. stockholders with respect to such gain, or (2) the non-U.S. stockholder is a
nonresident alien individual who was present in the U.S. for 183 days or more during the taxable
year and has a tax home in the United States, in which case the non-U.S. stockholder will incur a
30% tax on his capital gains.
Other Tax Consequences
Tax Aspects of Our Investments in the Partnerships
The following discussion summarizes certain federal income tax considerations applicable to
our direct or indirect investments in the Partnerships. The discussion does not cover state or
local tax laws or any federal tax laws other than income tax laws.
Classification as Partnerships. We are entitled to include in our income our distributive
share of each Partnerships income and to deduct our distributive share of each Partnerships
losses only if such Partnership is classified for federal income tax purposes as a partnership (or
an entity that is disregarded for federal income tax purposes if the entity has only one owner or
member), rather than as a corporation or an association taxable as a corporation. An organization
with at least two owners or members will be classified as a partnership, rather than as a
corporation, for federal income tax purposes if it:
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is treated as a partnership under Treasury regulations, effective January 1, 1997,
relating to entity classification (the check-the-box regulations); and |
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is not a publicly traded partnership. |
Under the check-the-box regulations, an unincorporated entity with at least two owners or
members may elect to be classified either as an association taxable as a corporation or as a
partnership. If such an entity fails to make an election, it generally will be treated as a
partnership for federal income tax purposes. Each Partnership intends to be classified as a
partnership (or an entity that is disregarded for federal income tax purposes if the entity has
only one owner or member) for federal income tax purposes, and no Partnership will elect to be
treated as an association taxable as a corporation under the check-the-box regulations.
A publicly traded partnership is a partnership whose interests are traded on an established
securities market or are readily tradable on a secondary market or the substantial equivalent
thereof. A publicly traded partnership will not, however, be treated as a corporation for any
taxable year if 90% or more of the partnerships gross income for such year consists of certain
passive-type income, including real property rents (which includes rents that would be qualifying
income for purposes of the 75% gross income test, with certain modifications that make it easier
for the rents to qualify for the 90% passive income exception), gains from the sale or other
disposition of real property, interest, and dividends (the 90% passive income exception).
Treasury regulations (the PTP regulations) provide limited safe harbors from the definition
of a publicly traded partnership. Pursuant to one of those safe harbors (the private placement
exclusion), interests in a partnership will not be treated as readily tradable on a secondary
market or the substantial equivalent thereof if (1) all interests in the partnership were issued in
a transaction or transactions that were not required to be registered under the Securities Act of
1933, as amended, and (2) the partnership does not have more than 100 partners at any time during
the partnerships taxable year. In determining the number of partners in a partnership, a person
owning an interest in a partnership, grantor trust, or S corporation that owns an interest in the
partnership is treated as a partner in such partnership only if (1) substantially all of the value
of the owners interest in the entity is attributable
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to the entitys direct or indirect interest
in the partnership and (2) a principal purpose of the use of the entity is to permit the
partnership to satisfy the 100-partner limitation. Each Partnership qualifies for the private
placement exclusion.
We have not requested, and do not intend to request, a ruling from the IRS that the
Partnerships will be classified as partnerships (or disregarded entities, if the entity has only
one owner or member) for federal income tax purposes. If for any reason a Partnership were taxable
as a corporation, rather than as a partnership or a disregarded entity, for federal income tax
purposes, we likely would not be able to qualify as a REIT. See Federal Income Tax Consequences of
Our Status as a REIT Income Tests and Asset Tests. In addition, any change in a
Partnerships status for tax purposes might be treated as a taxable event, in which case we might
incur tax liability without any related cash distribution. See Federal Income Tax Consequences of
Our Status as a REIT Distribution Requirements. Further, items of income and deduction of such
Partnership would not pass through to its partners, and its partners would be treated as
stockholders for tax purposes. Consequently, such Partnership would be required to pay income tax
at corporate rates on its net income, and distributions to its partners would constitute dividends
that would not be deductible in computing such Partnerships taxable income.
Income Taxation of the Partnerships and Their Partners
Partners, Not the Partnerships, Subject to Tax. A partnership is not a taxable entity for
federal income tax purposes. Rather, we are required to take into account our allocable share of
each Partnerships income, gains, losses, deductions, and credits for any taxable year of such
Partnership ending within or with our taxable year, without regard to whether we have received or
will receive any distribution from such Partnership.
Partnership Allocations. Although a partnership agreement generally will determine the
allocation of income and losses among partners, such allocations will be disregarded for tax
purposes if they do not comply with the provisions of the federal income tax laws governing
partnership allocations. If an allocation is not recognized for federal income tax purposes, the
item subject to the allocation will be reallocated in accordance with the partners interests in
the partnership, which will be determined by taking into account all of the facts and circumstances
relating to the economic arrangement of the partners with respect to such item. Each Partnerships
allocations of taxable income, gain, and loss are intended to comply with the requirements of the
federal income tax laws governing partnership allocations.
Tax Allocations With Respect to Contributed Properties. Income, gain, loss, and deduction
attributable to appreciated or depreciated property that is contributed to a partnership in
exchange for an interest in the partnership must be allocated in a manner such that the
contributing partner is charged with, or benefits from, respectively, the unrealized gain or
unrealized loss associated with the property at the time of the contribution. The amount of such
unrealized gain or unrealized loss (built-in gain or built-in loss) is generally equal to the
difference between the fair market value of the contributed property at the time of contribution
and the adjusted tax basis of such property at the time of contribution (a book-tax difference).
Such allocations are solely for federal income tax purposes and do not affect the book capital
accounts or other economic or legal arrangements among the partners. The U.S. Treasury Department
has issued regulations requiring partnerships to use a reasonable method for allocating items
with respect to which there is a book-tax difference and outlining several reasonable allocation
methods.
Under our operating partnerships partnership agreement, depreciation or amortization
deductions of the operating partnership generally will be allocated among the partners in
accordance with their respective interests in the operating partnership, except to the extent that
the operating partnership is required under the federal income tax laws governing partnership
allocations to use a method for allocating tax depreciation deductions attributable to contributed
properties that results in our receiving a disproportionate share of such deductions. In addition,
gain or loss on the sale of a property that has been contributed, in whole or in part, to the
operating partnership will be specially allocated to the contributing partners to the extent of any
built-in gain or loss with respect to such property for federal income tax purposes.
Basis in Partnership Interest. Our adjusted tax basis in our partnership interest in the
operating partnership generally is equal to:
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the amount of cash and the basis of any other property contributed by us to the
operating partnership; |
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increased by our allocable share of the operating partnerships income and our
allocable share of indebtedness of the operating partnership; and |
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reduced, but not below zero, by our allocable share of the operating partnerships loss
and the amount of cash distributed to us, and by constructive distributions resulting from
a reduction in our share of indebtedness of the operating partnership. |
If the allocation of our distributive share of the operating partnerships loss would reduce
the adjusted tax basis of our partnership interest in the operating partnership below zero, the
recognition of such loss will be deferred until such time as the recognition of such loss would not
reduce our adjusted tax basis below zero. To the extent that the operating partnerships
distributions, or any decrease in our share of the indebtedness of the operating partnership, which
is considered a constructive cash distribution to the partners, reduce our adjusted tax basis below
zero, such distributions will constitute taxable income to us. Such distributions and constructive
distributions normally will be characterized as long-term capital gain.
Depreciation Deductions Available to the Operating Partnership. To the extent that the
operating partnership acquires its hotels in exchange for cash, its initial basis in such hotels
for federal income tax purposes generally was or will be equal to the purchase price paid by the
operating partnership. The operating partnership depreciates such depreciable hotel property under
either the modified accelerated cost recovery system of depreciation (MACRS) or the alternative
depreciation system of depreciation (ADS). The operating partnership uses MACRS for furnishings
and equipment. Under MACRS, the operating partnership generally depreciates such furnishings and
equipment over a seven-year recovery period using a 200% declining balance method and a half-year
convention. If, however, the operating partnership places more than 40% of its furnishings and
equipment in service during the last three months of a taxable year, a mid-quarter depreciation
convention must be used for the furnishings and equipment placed in service during that year. The
operating partnership uses ADS for buildings and improvements. Under ADS, the operating partnership
generally depreciates such buildings and improvements over a 40-year recovery period using a
straight-line method and a mid-month convention.
To the extent that the operating partnership acquires hotels in exchange for its units of
limited partnership interest, its initial basis in each hotel for federal income tax purposes
should be the same as the transferors basis in that hotel on the date of acquisition. Although the
law is not entirely clear, the operating partnership generally depreciates such depreciable
property for federal income tax purposes over the same remaining useful lives and under the same
methods used by the transferors. The operating partnerships tax depreciation deductions are
allocated among the partners in accordance with their respective interests in the operating
partnership, except to the extent that the operating partnership is required under the federal
income tax laws to use a method for allocating depreciation deductions attributable to the hotels
or other contributed properties that results in our receiving a disproportionately large share of
such deductions.
Sale of a Partnerships Property
Generally, any gain realized by us or a Partnership on the sale of property held for more than
one year will be long-term capital gain, except for any portion of such gain that is treated as
depreciation or cost recovery recapture. Any gain or loss recognized by a Partnership on the
disposition of contributed properties will be allocated first to the partners who contributed such
properties to the extent of their built-in gain or loss on those properties for federal income tax
purposes. The partners built-in gain or loss on such contributed properties will equal the
difference between the partners proportionate share of the book value of those properties and the
partners tax basis allocable to those properties at the time of the contribution. Any remaining
gain or loss recognized by the Partnership on the disposition of the contributed properties, and
any gain or loss recognized by the Partnership on the disposition of the other properties, will be
allocated among the partners in accordance with their respective percentage interests in the
Partnership.
Our share of any gain realized by a Partnership on the sale of any property held by the
Partnership as inventory or other property held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary
course of the Partnerships trade or
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business will be treated as income from a prohibited
transaction that is subject to a 100% penalty tax. Such prohibited transaction income also may have
an adverse effect upon our ability to satisfy the income tests for REIT status. See Federal Income
Tax Consequences of Our Status as a REIT Income Tests. We, however, do not presently intend to
acquire or hold or to allow any Partnership to acquire or hold any property that represents
inventory or other property held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of our or
such Partnerships trade or business.
Taxable REIT Subsidiaries
As described above, we own 100% of the stock of two TRSs, Ashford TRS Corporation and Ashford
TRS VI Corporation. A TRS is a fully taxable corporation for which a TRS election is properly made.
A TRS may lease hotels from us under certain circumstances, provide services to our tenants, and
perform activities unrelated to our tenants, such as third-party management, development, and other
independent business activities. A corporation of which a TRS directly or indirectly owns more than
35% of the voting power or value of the stock will automatically be treated as a TRS. Overall, no
more than 20% of the value of our assets may consist of securities of one or more TRSs, and no more
than 25% of the value of our assets may consist of the securities of TRSs and other assets that are
not qualifying assets for purposes of the 75% asset test.
A TRS may not directly or indirectly operate or manage any hotels or health care facilities or
provide rights to any brand name under which any hotel or health care facility is operated.
However, rents received by us from a TRS pursuant to a hotel lease will qualify as rents from real
property as long as the hotel is operated on behalf of the TRS by a person who satisfies the
following requirements:
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such person is, or is related to a person who is, actively engaged in the trade or
business of operating qualified lodging facilities for any person unrelated to us and
the TRS; |
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such person does not own, directly or indirectly, more than 35% of our common stock; |
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no more than 35% of such person is owned, directly or indirectly, by one or more
persons owning 35% or more of our common stock; and |
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we do not directly or indirectly derive any income from such person. |
A qualified lodging facility is a hotel, motel, or other establishment more than one-half of
the dwelling units in which are used on a transient basis, unless wagering activities are conducted
at or in connection with such facility by any person who is engaged in the business of accepting
wagers and who is legally authorized to engage in such business at or in connection with such
facility. A qualified lodging facility includes customary amenities and facilities operated as
part of, or associated with, the lodging facility as long as such amenities and facilities are
customary for other properties of a comparable size and class owned by other unrelated owners.
The TRS rules limit the deductibility of interest paid or accrued by a TRS to us to assure
that the TRS is subject to an appropriate level of corporate taxation. Further, the rules impose a
100% excise tax on transactions between a TRS and us or our tenants that are not conducted on an
arms-length basis.
We have formed and made a timely election with respect to Ashford TRS Corporation and Ashford
TRS VI Corporation, which lease each of our properties not owned by a TRS. Additionally, we may
form or acquire additional TRSs in the future.
State and Local Taxes
We and/or you may be subject to state and local tax in various states and localities,
including those states and localities in which we or you transact business, own property, or
reside. The state and local tax treatment in such jurisdictions may differ from the federal income
tax treatment described above. Consequently, you should consult your own tax advisor regarding the
effect of state and local tax laws upon an investment in our common stock.
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PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION
This prospectus relates to the possible issuance of up to 5,657,917 shares of our common stock
if, and to the extent that, the holders of an equal number of units of limited partnership interest
in our operating partnership submit such units for redemption and we issue shares of common stock
in exchange for such redeemed units. We will not receive any proceeds from any issuance of common
shares in exchange for units. This prospectus also relates to the possible offer and sale by the
selling stockholders, from time to time, of (i) any shares of common
stock we issue in exchange for units and (ii) certain shares of restricted common stock we
issued in connection with, or simultaneously with, our initial public offering. We will not
receive any proceeds from the issuance of the common stock or the sale of the common shares by the
selling stockholders.
We are registering the shares of common stock covered by this prospectus for resale pursuant
to our obligations under a registration rights agreement with the selling stockholders to provide
the transferees of the selling stockholders with freely tradable securities. Registration does
not, however, necessarily mean that any units of limited partnership interest in our operating
partnership will be submitted for redemption or that any of the shares of common stock to be issued
upon such redemption or any other shares of common stock covered by this prospectus will be offered
or sold by the selling stockholders.
The selling stockholders, or their pledgees, donees, transferees or other successors in
interest, may offer and sell the common shares covered by this prospectus in the following manner:
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on the New York Stock Exchange or other national exchange or quotation system on which
our shares of common stock are listed or traded at the time of sale; |
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in the over-the-counter market; |
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in privately negotiated transactions; |
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in underwritten transactions; or |
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otherwise, at prices then prevailing or related to the then current market price or at negotiated prices. |
The offering price of the shares of common stock covered by this prospectus and offered from time
to time will be determined by the selling shareholders and, at the time of determination, may be
higher or lower than the market price of the common shares on the New York Stock Exchange.
The selling stockholders also may resell all or a portion of the common stock covered by this
prospectus in open market transactions in reliance upon Rule 144 under the Securities Act of 1933,
provided they meet the criteria and conform to the requirements of such rule.
In connection with an underwritten offering, underwriters or agents may receive compensation
in the form of discounts, concessions or commissions from a selling stockholder or from purchasers
of offered shares of common stock for whom they may act as agents, and underwriters may sell
offered shares of common stock to or through dealers, and such dealers may receive compensation in
the form of discounts, concessions or commissions from the underwriters and/or commissions from the
purchasers from whom they may act as agents.
Offered shares of common stock may be sold directly or through broker-dealers acting as
principal or agent, or pursuant to a distribution by one or more underwriters on a firm commitment
or best-efforts basis. The methods by which offered common shares may be sold include:
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a block trade in which the broker-dealer so engaged will attempt to sell offered common
shares as agent but may position and resell a portion of the block as principal to
facilitate the transaction; |
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purchases by a broker-dealer as principal and resale by such broker-dealer for its own
account pursuant to this prospectus; |
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ordinary brokerage transactions and transactions in which the broker solicits purchases; |
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an exchange distribution in accordance with the rules of the exchange or quotation system; |
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privately negotiated transactions; and |
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underwritten transactions. |
The selling stockholders and any underwriters, dealer or agents participating in the
distribution of offered common shares may be deemed to be underwriters within the meaning of the
Securities Act of 1933. Any profit on the sale of offered shares of common stock by the selling
stockholders and any commissions received by any such broker-dealers may be deemed to be
underwriting commissions under the Securities Act of 1933.
When a selling shareholder elects to make a particular offer of shares of common stock, a
prospectus supplement, if required, will be distributed that identifies any underwriters, dealers
or agents and any discounts, commissions and other terms constituting compensation from such
selling stockholder and any other required information.
In order to comply with state securities laws, if applicable, offered shares of common stock
may be sold only through registered or licensed brokers or dealers. In addition, in certain
states, offered shares of common stock may not be sold unless they have been registered or
qualified for sale in such state or an exemption from such registration or qualification
requirement is available and complied with.
We have agreed to pay all costs and expenses incurred in connection with the registration
under the Securities Act of 1933 of the shares of common stock covered by this prospectus,
including, but not limited to, all registration and filing fees, printing expenses and fees and
disbursements of our legal counsel and accountants. The selling stockholders will pay any
brokerage fees and commissions, fees and disbursements of legal counsel for the selling
stockholders and stock transfer and other taxes attributable to the sale of shares of common stock
covered by this prospectus.
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EXPERTS
The consolidated and combined financial statements of Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc. and the
predecessor appearing in Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc.s Annual Report (Form 10-K) for the year
ended December 31, 2005 (including the schedule appearing therein), and Ashford Hospitality Trust,
Inc. managements assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as
of December 31, 2005 included therein, have been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, independent
registered public accounting firm, as set forth in their reports thereon, included therein, and
incorporated herein by reference. Such financial statements and managements assessment are
incorporated herein by reference in reliance upon such reports given on the authority of such firm
as experts in accounting and auditing.
The combined historical summaries of revenue and direct operating expenses of Historic Inns in
Annapolis, Maryland, Holiday Inn in Coral Gables, Florida, Inn on the Square, Falmouth,
Massachusetts, Ramada Regency Inn, Hyannis, Massachusetts, Crowne Plaza in Key West, Florida,
Sheraton in Minnetonka, Minnesota, Radisson in Rockland, Massachusetts, Gull Wing Suites, South
Yarmouth, Massachusetts, Ramada Inn, Warner Robins, Georgia, Best Western, Dallas, Texas, Radisson
in Ft. Worth, Texas, Crowne Plaza in Los Angeles, California, Radisson Airport in Indianapolis,
Indiana, Radisson City Center in Indianapolis, Indiana, Radisson in Milford, Massachusetts, Embassy
Suites in Houston, Texas, Nassau Bay Hilton in Nassau Bay, Texas, Hilton in St. Petersburg, Florida
and Embassy Suites and Admiralty Office Building in Palm Beach, Florida, Howard Johnson in Commack,
New York and Howard Johnson in Westbury, New York incorporated by reference into this prospectus,
have been audited by Berdon LLP, independent auditors, as set forth in their report, which is also
incorporated by reference into this prospectus, and are included in reliance upon such report given
on the authority of such firm as experts in accounting and auditing.
The balance sheets of RST4 Tenant, LLC as of August 6, 2004, January 2, 2004 and January 3,
2003, and the related statements of operations, cash flows and members capital for the period
January 3, 2004 through August 6, 2004 and the fiscal years ended January 2, 2004 and January 3,
2003, incorporated by reference into this prospectus, have been audited by Ernst & Young LLP,
independent registered public accounting firm, as set forth in their report, which is also
incorporated by reference into this prospectus, and is included in reliance upon such report given
on the authority of such firm as experts in accounting and auditing.
The audited historical financial statements of Crystal City Courtyard by Marriott, the CNL
Hotels and the RFS Hotels included in our Current Report on Form 8-K/A, filed on August 30, 2005,
have been so incorporated in reliance on the reports of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, independent
certified public accountants, given on the authority of said firm as experts in auditing and
accounting.
LEGAL MATTERS
Certain legal matters in connection with this offering will be passed upon for us by Andrews
Kurth LLP, Dallas, Texas. In addition, the description of federal income tax consequences
contained in the section of the prospectus entitled Federal Income Tax Consequences of Our Status
as a REIT is based on the opinion of Andrews Kurth LLP. Certain Maryland law matters in
connection with this offering will be passed upon for us by Hogan & Hartson L.L.P., Baltimore,
Maryland. Andrews Kurth LLP will rely on the opinion of Hogan & Hartson L.L.P., Baltimore,
Maryland as to all matters of Maryland law.
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